Alphabeta Math
False statementConstruction: AI-adaptedVerification: AI-generatedprecheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-12
How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

FALSE: every PP algorithm has bounded error separated from one half by a fixed constant

Statement

Every PP algorithm has bounded error separated from one half by a fixed constant.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: the class PP.

[L1]

A PP machine need only accept yes-instances with probability strictly greater than 1/2 and no-instances with probability at most 1/2 (The classes RP, coRP, ZPP, BPP, and PP).

Refutation

technique · direct
1.1

Let A:={x{0,1}:x begins with 1}. Its deterministic membership test D(x) is computable in linear time. Consider the probabilistic machine that uses one fair bit b and an independent string r{0,1}n+1, accepts when D(x)=1 and either b=1 or r=0n+1, and accepts when D(x)=0 exactly if b=1 and r0n+1. Then yes-instances are accepted with probability 1/2+2(n+2), while no-instances are accepted with probability 1/22(n+2).

L1givenconstruct
2.1

Step 1.1 still satisfies the PP threshold condition [L1], but the gap from 1/2 shrinks with n and is not bounded below by any fixed positive constant. So the statement is false.

L1step 1.1algebra

Depends on

Used by

Nothing in the library uses this result yet.

Dependency tree · two levels

2 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources