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Torsion free means curvature free

Statement

For an affine connection define R(X,Y)Z=XYZYXZ[X,Y]Z. Call it curvature free when this expression vanishes identically. The assertion that every torsion-free connection is curvature free is false, even for Levi–Civita connections on the plane.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The displayed local meaning of curvature; no later curvature theorem is assumed.

[F1]

Connections are function-linear in the direction and satisfy the section Leibniz rule (Connection laws in directional form).

[F2]

[fX,Y]=f[X,Y]Y(f)X and [X,fY]=f[X,Y]+X(f)Y (Leibniz rules for the Lie bracket with function multiples).

[F3]

[X,Y]f=X(Yf)Y(Xf) (The Lie bracket of smooth vector fields).

[F4]

The Levi–Civita coefficients are Γkij=12gk(igj+jgigij) (Christoffel formula for the levi civita connection).

[F5]

Symmetric lower Christoffel indices in coordinate frames are equivalent to torsion freeness (Torsion free is equivalent to symmetric christoffel symbols in coordinate frames).

Refutation

1.1

First verify that the displayed R has an intrinsic pointwise meaning. Expanding R(fX,Y)Z by [F1] and [F2] leaves fR(X,Y)ZY(f)XZ+Y(f)XZ=fR(X,Y)Z. The definition is skew in X,Y, hence is also function-linear in Y. On replacing Z by fZ, the two iterated derivatives contribute second-derivative coefficient (X(Yf)Y(Xf))Z, which is canceled by the bracket derivative using [F3]. Their cross terms are Y(f)XZ+X(f)YZ in each order and cancel as well. What remains is fR(X,Y)Z. Additivity and real linearity follow by expansion. Thus R is function-linear in all three inputs. In a local coordinate frame expand each input into its finite sum of components; these identities express R as the corresponding trilinear sum of the smooth fields R(i,j)k. Therefore its values depend only on pointwise inputs and its coefficients are smooth. The original expression uses intrinsic operations, so its vanishing is independent of coordinates.

F1F2F3
1.2

Set g=e2x2(dx2+dy2) on R2. This is smooth positive definite everywhere. Its only nonzero metric derivatives are xgxx=xgyy=4xe2x2, while gxx=gyy=e2x2 and off-diagonal entries vanish. Substitution in [F4] gives Γxxx=2x, Γxyy=2x, Γyxy=Γyyx=2x, with every other coefficient zero. The lower indices are symmetric, so torsion is zero by [F5].

F4F5given
2.1

Coordinate fields commute. From step 1.2, xyy=x(2xx)=(24x2)x, whereas yxy=y(2xy)=4x2x. Hence R(x,y)y=2x, nonzero even at x=0, where every Christoffel symbol in step 1.2 is zero. By step 1.1 this is an intrinsic nonvanishing value, and step 1.2 supplies zero torsion. These explicit calculations refute the proposed implication without any later curvature, holonomy or surface-integration theorem.

F1step 1.1step 1.2

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Sources