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A nonzero pi class on a torus has a primitive embedded pi root

Statement

On the original compact torus leaf, a nonzero Π^j class has a primitive embedded representative with the same Π^j property; its sufficiently short fixed-flow fence is an embedded annulus and each positive boundary bounds an actual embedded disk in its leaf.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A nonzero limitwise-nullhomotopy class α on the chosen side of the original compact torus leaf L of the present foliation, represented by a fixed-flow fence, and the short fixed-flow fence loops of a representative.

[F1]

The in-pair item A no-transversal leaf is a torus via the finite accessibility boundary sum identifies the no-transversal leaf L as a torus, and the sibling-pair item lem-finite-chart-surface-normal-forms-supply-jordan-disks-and-torsion-free-groups supplies the torus normal form identifying π1(L)=Z2, the torsion-freeness of surface groups and the surface-Jordan disk in the leaf; the sibling-pair item lem-fixed-transverse-fences-have-a-finite-crossing-word supplies the finite crossing word and the fixed-flow fence data.

[F2]

The limitwise-nullhomotopy predicate defines a well-defined normal subgroup Πj of the based fundamental group. A nonzero class is a nonidentity element of this subgroup, hence an essential loop in the ordinary leaf fundamental group; the class α and its powers are well defined on the chosen side (Limitwise-nullhomotopy predicate descends to a normal subgroup).

[F3]

The holonomy of a leaf is represented on germs of transverse sections by increasing maps defined near the origin, and an increasing map has no nontrivial finite orbit (The holonomy representation and the holonomy group of a leaf).

[F4]

The standing assumption is Countable Choice ACω as recorded for this pair (The countable-choice principle used in the foliation pair).

[F5]

An oriented compact C2 surface homeomorphic to the torus admits a C2 diffeomorphism to the standard smooth torus by a finite smooth-carrier and disk-band construction (Finite C2 surface carriers have smooth normal forms and relative cap approximations).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1F1F5givenconstruct

Choose a C2 diffeomorphism of L with the standard torus by [F5], and use its induced identification π1(L)=Z2. Write the nonzero class as α=mβ with m≥1 and β=(p,q) primitive, gcd⁡(∣p∣,∣q∣)=1. The smooth straight loop t↦t(p,q) modulo Z2 is embedded: if two parameter values in [0,1) had the same projection, their difference times (p,q) would be integral, and Bezout's identity would make that difference integral, hence zero. Transfer this loop through the inverse C2 diffeomorphism to obtain an actual embedded regular C2 loop g on L. A path to the basepoint supplies the based primitive class. The given α class equals mβ, so a compact based homotopy and fixed-flow fence transport in [F1] identify the original α-fence loops with the m-fold loops of the g-fence. No smoothness of a topological cell map is used.

2.1F1F3step 1.1

Let h be the increasing one-sided holonomy of g. Since α has identity one-sided holonomy (its loops are null on the chosen side by the Π property), hm(t)=t for every sufficiently small positive t. An increasing map has no nontrivial finite orbit: if h(t)>t its successive iterates strictly increase and if h(t)<t they strictly decrease, so h(t)=t and the short displaced loops gt close. Their m-fold loops are null by the transported compact homotopy and the Π property of α; oriented surface fundamental groups are torsion-free, so [gt]m=1 implies [gt]=1. Hence β is a genuine nonzero embedded Π cycle on the same original leaf and the chosen side.

3.1F1F2F4step 2.1∎

Use the one fixed transverse flow to construct the fence F(u,t)=Φτ(u,t)g(u) with τt>0. Short compact-leafwise separation for the compact loop g(S1) gives injectivity of the full annulus: if F(u,t)=F(v,s), flow uniqueness gives Φτ(u,t)−τ(v,s)g(u)=g(v), so the separation forces equality of the times and of g(u),g(v); embeddedness of g gives u=v and strict positivity of τt gives t=s. Compact-to-Hausdorff then makes the fence an embedding, every gt is an embedded null curve in its actual leaf, and the surface-Jordan disk lemma of [F1] applied in the leaf, rather than only in its universal cover, gives an actual embedded disk bounded by gt; the spherical-leaf alternative is excluded by the in-pair spherical stability item, ensuring the selected disk is unique. This supplies the embedded Reeb construction input, not a deduction of ambient cap embedding from universal-cover caps, and only finitely many fences and homotopies are used, hence only the standing countable choice from [F4].

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