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Annihilators and preannihilators are norm closed
Statement
Let or . For any normed and arbitrary , , both and are norm-closed linear subspaces. Moreover .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The spaces, maps, scalar field, and hypotheses in the statement above. All duals consist of linear functionals over the ambient field; evaluation has no conjugation.
From Annihilator notation and the preannihilator, with its stated hypotheses: Let or . For a normed and arbitrary subsets , , define Here is def-dual-space-of-a-normed-space. The first notation agrees with def-continuous-annihilator-of-a-subspace on , since linearity makes vanishing on equivalent to vanishing on its span. The preannihilator lies in , not in . Empty sets impose no conditions: and .
From The dual space X^* of a normed space and its dual norm, with its stated hypotheses: Let be a normed space over the scalar field , where in the literal definition and by the convention of rem-real-and-complex-normed-space-convention. The dual space of is the space of bounded linear functionals on (def-space-of-bounded-linear-operators). Each is in particular a linear functional in the algebraic sense, so is a subspace of the algebraic dual from def-algebraic-dual-and-linear-functional. The dual norm on is the operator norm:
Proof
For fixed , evaluation is linear and satisfies , hence has a norm-closed linear kernel. Each likewise has a closed linear kernel in .
By definition and . Intersections of closed sets are closed and these equations preserve zero, addition, and scalar multiplication. The empty intersection is the whole ambient space, including when .
Every vanishes on . Thus ; the latter is norm closed by step 2.1, so it contains the norm closure of .
Depends on
Used by
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Sources
- Brezis, Functional Analysis, Sobolev Spaces and PDEs, §1.3, notation before Proposition 1.9, p.9 (standard reference, not scraped)