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Probability sequences on compact metric spaces have integral-convergent subsequences

Statement

Assume countable choice. Let (μn)n1 be Borel probabilities on a nonempty compact metric space K. There are strictly increasing positive integers nr and a Borel probability μ on K such that fdμnrfdμ for every fC(K,R). The limiting probability can be taken outer regular on Borel sets and inner regular on open sets.

Facts & Assumptions

[F1]

Under countable choice, C(K,R) has an enumerated uniformly dense family. A countable dense family of continuous functions on a compact metric space.

[F2]

Every bounded real sequence has a convergent subsequence. Bolzano-Weierstrass: every bounded real sequence has a convergent subsequence.

[F3]

A positive normalized real-linear functional on C(K,R) is represented by a regular Borel probability under countable choice. A compact-metric probability representation using countable choice.

[F4]

Nonnegative integrals are monotone and homogeneous. Monotonicity and nonnegative homogeneity of the nonnegative integral.

[F5]

Integrals of integrable functions are linear. The Lebesgue integral is linear on L1(μ).

Proof

Given: Assume countable choice. Let (μn)n1 be Borel probabilities on a nonempty compact metric space K. There are strictly increasing positive integers nr and a Borel probability μ on K such that fdμnrfdμ for every fC(K,R). The limiting probability can be taken outer regular on Borel sets and inner regular on open sets.

1.1

Fix the dense family (fj) of [F1]. Continuous real functions on K are bounded, as proved there; they are Borel measurable by continuity. For every Borel probability ν, [F4] bounds the integral of f by f, so f is integrable. Positivity and [F5], applied to fg±(fg), give fdνgdνfg. In particular an,j=fjdμn is a bounded real sequence for each j.

F1F4F5
1.2

There is a deterministic convergent-subsequence rule for a bounded real sequence (an) restricted to an infinite subset S of the positive integers, with a specified bound M0. Start with I0=[M,M]. Bisect the current closed interval; retain its left half if infinitely many indices in S have values there, and otherwise retain the right half, which must have infinitely many such indices. At stage m1 choose the least eligible index kmS greater than km1, with k0=0, whose value lies in Im. The indices exist because an infinite subset of the naturals is unbounded. The intervals are nested and have lengths 2M2m, so the selected values are Cauchy. They converge: [F2] provides a convergent subsequence with limit L, and the Cauchy estimate followed by the triangle inequality with a sufficiently late member of that subsequence gives akmL<ε for all sufficiently large m. This also works for M=0. Left-half precedence and least indices make every stage unique, so ordinary recursion suffices; no Dependent Choice is used.

F2
2.1

Set S0=N>0. Recursively apply the rule of step 1.2 to coordinate an,j on Sj1 with M=fj, and let Sj be its infinite output index set. Thus SjSj1, and the jth coordinate converges along the increasing enumeration of Sj. Let nr be the rth smallest member of Sr. Since Sr+1Sr, its (r+1)th member is at least the (r+1)th member of Sr, which exceeds nr. Thus (nr) is strictly increasing. For every fixed j, all nr with rj belong to Sj and increase without bound, so fjdμnr converges. All index sets and enumerations are defined uniquely by the fixed rule.

1.11.2
3.1

For fC(K,R) and ε>0, choose one j with ffj<ε/3. For large r,s, step 2.1 gives fjdμnrfjdμns<ε/3; the two uniform error bounds of step 1.1 show that (fdμnr)r is Cauchy. It is bounded, and hence converges by the Cauchy-plus-[F2] argument in step 1.2. Define Λ(f) to be this unique limit. Passing to limits in [F5] proves real linearity, positivity passes to limits of nonnegative real numbers, and Λ(1)=1 since every μnr is a probability. Apply [F3] with exactly these hypotheses to obtain the regular Borel probability μ and the asserted convergence for every f. The choices used are those in [F1] and [F3], both explicitly bounded by countable choice; neither the nested extraction nor the definition of the unique limit selects an arbitrary family of witnesses.

1.11.22.1F1F2F3F5

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