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Probability sequences on compact metric spaces have integral-convergent subsequences
Statement
Assume countable choice. Let be Borel probabilities on a nonempty compact metric space . There are strictly increasing positive integers and a Borel probability on such that for every . The limiting probability can be taken outer regular on Borel sets and inner regular on open sets.
Facts & Assumptions
Under countable choice, has an enumerated uniformly dense family. A countable dense family of continuous functions on a compact metric space.
Every bounded real sequence has a convergent subsequence. Bolzano-Weierstrass: every bounded real sequence has a convergent subsequence.
A positive normalized real-linear functional on is represented by a regular Borel probability under countable choice. A compact-metric probability representation using countable choice.
Nonnegative integrals are monotone and homogeneous. Monotonicity and nonnegative homogeneity of the nonnegative integral.
Integrals of integrable functions are linear. The Lebesgue integral is linear on .
Proof
Given: Assume countable choice. Let be Borel probabilities on a nonempty compact metric space . There are strictly increasing positive integers and a Borel probability on such that for every . The limiting probability can be taken outer regular on Borel sets and inner regular on open sets.
Fix the dense family of [F1]. Continuous real functions on are bounded, as proved there; they are Borel measurable by continuity. For every Borel probability , [F4] bounds the integral of by , so is integrable. Positivity and [F5], applied to , give . In particular is a bounded real sequence for each .
There is a deterministic convergent-subsequence rule for a bounded real sequence restricted to an infinite subset of the positive integers, with a specified bound . Start with . Bisect the current closed interval; retain its left half if infinitely many indices in have values there, and otherwise retain the right half, which must have infinitely many such indices. At stage choose the least eligible index greater than , with , whose value lies in . The indices exist because an infinite subset of the naturals is unbounded. The intervals are nested and have lengths , so the selected values are Cauchy. They converge: [F2] provides a convergent subsequence with limit , and the Cauchy estimate followed by the triangle inequality with a sufficiently late member of that subsequence gives for all sufficiently large . This also works for . Left-half precedence and least indices make every stage unique, so ordinary recursion suffices; no Dependent Choice is used.
Set . Recursively apply the rule of step 1.2 to coordinate on with , and let be its infinite output index set. Thus , and the th coordinate converges along the increasing enumeration of . Let be the th smallest member of . Since , its th member is at least the th member of , which exceeds . Thus is strictly increasing. For every fixed , all with belong to and increase without bound, so converges. All index sets and enumerations are defined uniquely by the fixed rule.
For and , choose one with . For large , step 2.1 gives ; the two uniform error bounds of step 1.1 show that is Cauchy. It is bounded, and hence converges by the Cauchy-plus-[F2] argument in step 1.2. Define to be this unique limit. Passing to limits in [F5] proves real linearity, positivity passes to limits of nonnegative real numbers, and since every is a probability. Apply [F3] with exactly these hypotheses to obtain the regular Borel probability and the asserted convergence for every . The choices used are those in [F1] and [F3], both explicitly bounded by countable choice; neither the nested extraction nor the definition of the unique limit selects an arbitrary family of witnesses.
Depends on
- A countable dense family of continuous functions on a compact metric space
- Bolzano-Weierstrass: every bounded real sequence has a convergent subsequence
- A compact-metric probability representation using countable choice
- Monotonicity and nonnegative homogeneity of the nonnegative integral
- The Lebesgue integral is linear on $L^1(\mu)$
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
Used by
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Sources
- E–W §3.1 pp.97–98; local diagonal/RMK replacement for source weak-star compactness (standard reference, not scraped)