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LemmaStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-generatedprecheck passaudited 2026-08-30
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Riemann sums of the Cauchy integral give rational approximation

Statement

Let K⊆U⊆C, where K is compact and U is open, and let f:U→C be holomorphic. Then for every ε>0 there is a rational function r whose poles lie on a finite set contained in U∖K and such that

sup⁡z∈K∣f(z)−r(z)∣<ε.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A compact set K, an open neighbourhood U of K, a holomorphic function f:U→C, and a tolerance ε>0.

[L1]

There is a polygonal cycle Γ with Γ∗⊆U∖K and n(Γ,z)=1 for every z∈K (A square-grid cycle enclosing a compact set).

[L2]

A cycle null-homologous in an open set satisfies the global Cauchy formula there (Cauchy's integral formula for a null-homologous cycle, Null-homologous cycles and homologous cycles in an open set).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1L1L2given

Choose Γ as in [L1]. Because n(Γ,z)=1 on K and Γ∗⊆U, the cycle is null-homologous in U and [L2] gives f(z)=12πi∫Γf(ζ)ζ−z dζ(z∈K).

2.1step 1.1L3algebra

Decompose Γ into finitely many oriented line segments γj:[aj,bj]→C. For each j, the function ϕj(t,z)=f(γj(t))γj′(t)/(γj(t)−z) is continuous on the compact set [aj,bj]×K, because Γ∗∩K=∅. By [L3], each ϕj is uniformly continuous there, so a fine enough Riemann sum approximates ∫ajbjϕj(t,z) dt uniformly in z∈K.

3.1step 1.1step 2.1constructalgebra∎

Summing those edgewise Riemann sums gives a rational function of the form r(z)=∑νcν/(ξν−z) with sample points ξν∈Γ∗. Choosing the mesh so that the total edgewise error is below ε and using step 1.1 yields sup⁡z∈K∣f(z)−r(z)∣<ε.

Depends on

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Sources