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A club of correctly coded maximal-antichain restrictions
Statement
In ZFC, let be a tree of height with countable levels, and a maximal antichain. There is a bijection . For any such bijection there is a club of nonzero limit ordinals such that
Equivalently, after coding nodes by , the coded initial segment is exactly the restriction to levels below , and is maximal there. No Suslin or normality hypothesis is required.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Such ; assume AC.
Nodes have unique predecessors at all smaller heights. Tree predecessors and compatibility
A self-map of a regular uncountable cardinal has club many closure points. Closure points form a club
Finite intersections of clubs in an ordinal of uncountable cofinality are club. Intersections of fewer than the cofinality many clubs
Countable subsets of are bounded under countable choice. Assuming countable choice: every at most countable subset of is bounded below , so no at most countable subset of is cofinal in it, and a supremum of at most countably many at most countable ordinals is at most countable
An infinite cardinal times a nonzero smaller cardinal equals itself. Absorption: for cardinals with infinite and , , and when
Assume AC. The Axiom of Choice
Proof
Every level is nonempty: height supplies a node of height at least , and F1 supplies its predecessor at if necessary. AC chooses an injection of each countable level into . The map sending a node to its height and its chosen level index injects into , of cardinality by F5. AC also chooses a node at every level, injecting into . Thus and a bijection exists. Fix any such .
Define and . Each by countability of the level and F4. Maximality of gives a member comparable with each node: otherwise that node could be adjoined to . Let be the least code of a member of comparable with . This minimum exists. Thus are self-maps of .
By F4 and A1, is regular uncountable: every smaller cardinal is countable and cannot be cofinal. Apply F2 to and intersect their three closure clubs with the club of nonzero limit ordinals, using F3. The set is closed; it is unbounded because is a countable nonzero limit above any countable . Call the resulting club . For , if , then . Conversely if , then . These prove .
For , step 3.1 gives and closure under gives . The corresponding node lies in and is comparable with . The restriction of is still an antichain, so this comparability with every restricted node proves maximality: no further node can be adjoined. This proves the assertion for every .
Depends on
- Closure points form a club
- Tree predecessors and compatibility
- Intersections of fewer than the cofinality many clubs
- Assuming countable choice: every at most countable subset of $\omega_1$ is bounded below $\omega_1$, so no at most countable subset of $\omega_1$ is cofinal in it, and a supremum of at most countably many at most countable ordinals is at most countable
- Absorption: for cardinals $\kappa, \lambda$ with $\kappa$ infinite and $\lambda \le \kappa$, $\kappa \oplus \lambda = \kappa$, and $\kappa \otimes \lambda = \kappa$ when $\lambda \ne 0$
- The Axiom of Choice
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
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Sources
- Karagila, Axiomatic Set Theory, Theorem 9.10 proof, printed p45; direct closure-map alternative to elementary-substructure reflection (standard reference, not scraped)