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Seal a maximal antichain at a countable limit level
Statement
Let be a countable normal tree of nonzero countable limit height , and let be a maximal antichain. There is a countable family of cofinal branches covering , each meeting . Adding one distinct top for each distinct branch gives a countable normal tree of height in which every new top extends a member of ; remains maximal. If is splitting, the extension is splitting. No Choice is needed.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Such , , and . An antichain is maximal under inclusion among antichains.
There is a countable collection of cofinal branches covering this , in ZF. Branches through countable normal trees of limit height
Every node has exactly one predecessor of every smaller height. Nodes below a common node are comparable, and strict order increases height. Tree predecessors and compatibility
Normality requires a unique root, extensions at higher levels, and distinct predecessor sets for distinct nodes at nonzero limit levels. Splitting requires two immediate successors when the successor level exists. Normal and splitting trees
Proof
Fix an enumeration and, using F1, a sequence of cofinal branches covering . A maximal antichain has a member comparable with each : otherwise adjoining would make a larger antichain. In particular is nonempty, since is nonempty. Define for the least with comparable with . Put if , and otherwise. Thus both .
Let be the least with . Every branch containing a node contains its predecessors: each such predecessor is comparable with every branch node by common-predecessor comparability and transitivity, and maximality of the chain then includes it. Hence contains both and . The family covers , consists of cofinal branches meeting , and is countable via . Forming the image as a set removes repetitions.
On the disjoint union , keep the original order on the old copy and put exactly when . No new node is below another node. Each branch is downward closed by step 2.1 and has exactly one node at every level below : cofinality gives a node above any given level, its unique predecessor is in , and chain comparability permits at most one. Height therefore identifies order-isomorphically with . Thus the new top has a well-ordered predecessor set of type , while old predecessor sets are unchanged. This defines a tree of height , with old copy identified with .
The tree is countable: enumerate its old copy by and its top level by and interleave these two sequences. It has the old unique root. Every old node extends to a new top by the covering property; extensions between old levels persist. Different new tops correspond to different branches, hence have different predecessor sets, so uniqueness holds at the new limit level as well as the old ones. This proves normality. If is splitting, every old immediate-successor pair persists: for old height , one has since is limit. New tops have no splitting requirement.
Every new top lies above a member of by step 2.1. Old nodes remain comparable with a member of by step 1.1. The old antichain is still an antichain, since the old order is unchanged. As all nodes of are comparable with its members, no further node can be adjoined to it, so it remains maximal. All selections used least indices in two fixed enumerations, not a choice function on a family of nonempty sets.
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Sources
- Karagila, Axiomatic Set Theory, Lemma 9.11, printed p45 (standard reference, not scraped)