Alphabeta Math
LemmaStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-07
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Dirichlet character chebyshev laplace transform

Statement

Fix a Dirichlet character χ modulo q≥1. Put Ψχ(x)=∑n≤xχ(n)Λ(n) and δχ=1 for the principal character, zero otherwise. The bounded, locally integrable function fχ(t)=e−tΨχ(et)−δχ has Laplace transform gχ(s)=−L′(s+1,χ)(s+1)L(s+1,χ)−δχs(Re⁡s>0). After the removable value at zero is filled in, this extends holomorphically to an open neighborhood of the closed right half-plane.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The data and hypotheses of the statement.

[F1]

Euler product for Dirichlet L-functions: For every Dirichlet character χ and every s with Re⁡s>1, L(s,χ)=∏p11−χ(p)p−s, and this product is nonzero on Re⁡s>1.

[F2]

Dirichlet series from arithmetic functions admit the Abel-summation integral formula: Let θ∈R, let (an)n≥1 be complex coefficients, and put A(x):=∑1≤n≤xan. If A(x)=O(xθ), then for every s with ℜs>θ, ∑n≥1ann−s=s∫1∞A(x)x−s−1 dx. For every integer N≥1 one has the endpoint formula ∑1≤n≤Nann−s=A(N)N−s+s∫1NA(x)x−s−1 dx.

[F3]

Chebyshev's theta function has linear lower and upper bounds: There exist positive constants c<C and a real number x0 such that cx≤θ(x)≤Cx for every real x≥x0.

[F4]

Psi and theta differ by at most a square-root term: There are positive constants K1,K2 such that for every real x≥2, 0≤ψ(x)−θ(x)≤K1xlog⁡x and, for all sufficiently large x, ψ(x)−θ(x)≤K2x.

[F5]

Nonprincipal Dirichlet L-functions are nonzero at one: If χ≠χ0 is a Dirichlet character, then L(1,χ)≠0.

[F6]

Nonprincipal Dirichlet L-functions do not vanish on Re s = 1 away from s = 1: If χ≠χ0 is a Dirichlet character, then L(1+it,χ)≠0 for every real t≠0.

[F7]

Nonprincipal Dirichlet L-functions are holomorphic on Re s greater than 0: If χ≠χ0 is a Dirichlet character, then the Dirichlet series L(s,χ)=∑n≥1χ(n)n−s converges for every Re⁡s>0 and defines a holomorphic function there.

[F8]

The principal Dirichlet L-function factors through zeta: Let χ0 be the principal Dirichlet character modulo q. Then on Re⁡s>1, L(s,χ0)=ζ(s)∏p∣q(1−p−s). Consequently, the meromorphic continuation of L(s,χ0) has a simple pole at s=1 with residue ∏p∣q(1−1p)=φ(q)q.

[F9]

The Riemann zeta function has no zeros on the closed half-plane Re⁡s≥1, except for its pole at 1: The meromorphic continuation of ζ has no zeros on the closed half-plane Re⁡s≥1. Its only singularity there is the simple pole at s=1.

Proof

1.1F3F4

The linear theta bound and prime-power comparison give ψ(x)=O(x), uniformly after enlarging the constant for bounded x. Since ∣χ(n)∣≤1, ∣Ψχ(x)∣≤ψ(x); thus fχ is bounded and locally integrable, with only finitely many jumps on each compact t-interval.

1.2F5F6F7F8F9

For nonprincipal chi, holomorphy on Re⁡w>0 and nonvanishing at w=1 and at every 1+it, t≠0, show that the logarithmic derivative is holomorphic near every point of that line; the Euler product covers its right side. For the principal character, L(w,χ0)=ζ(w)∏p∣q(1−p−w) continues meromorphically, with a simple pole at one and no zero on Re⁡w≥1. The finite factors cannot vanish there because ∣p−w∣<1.

2.1F1F2step 1.1

The Euler logarithm is normally absolutely convergent on Re⁡w>1; its differentiated series is dominated on each smaller half-plane by ∑(log⁡n)n−σ. Differentiation gives −L′/L(w,χ)=∑χ(n)Λ(n)n−w. Apply the summatory integral at w=s+1 and substitute x=et, obtaining the displayed formula with the factor s+1 intact.

3.1step 2.1step 1.2algebra∎

At s=0 in the principal case write −L′/L(1+s)=1/s+h(s) with h holomorphic. Then gχ0(s)=−1/(1+s)+h(s)/(1+s) is holomorphic. Elsewhere shrink the pointwise neighborhoods to avoid s=-1. The union of these neighborhoods and the original half-plane is the required open set. For q=1 the finite product is empty and equals one.

Depends on

Used by

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Sources