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Uniform head-antichain decisions below a class tail
Statement
Let be a GBC + Global Choice + GCH ground (Class-theoretic ground assumptions for Easton forcing), a definable Easton class function with class product and an -generic filter, and let be an infinite regular cardinal of (Set-stage names and the forcing truth lemma for the Easton class product for the forcing relation and the truth lemma). Fix a membership formula , an ordinal of and a ground sequence of tuples of -names.
A tail condition decides on when for every there is a maximal antichain such that for every the condition forces or forces its negation. If has the form , each positive cell also carries a ground set name with .
Then:
(a) The class of conditions that decide on is dense in , open, and a member of ; hence some decides it.
(b) For such , every decision is confirmed at the level of the head: for each the unique has in the class filter, so the truth value of in is the value recorded at , and the set , together with the sets of head antichains and decisions, belongs to .
(c) For an outer existential formula, the witness names attached to its positive decisions form a ground set , and there is an infinite regular of with ; consequently is a set in the class extension containing every witness value that these decisions produce.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: a GBC + Global Choice + GCH ground, a definable Easton class function , the class product , an -generic filter , an infinite regular , an ordinal , a formula and a ground sequence of tuples of -names.
is closed under comprehension with set quantifiers and class parameters, , class Replacement holds, meets every class of that is dense in , and Global Choice supplies class choices. (Class-theoretic ground assumptions for Easton forcing)
is a set with the -chain condition, is -closed, and with ; each condition of the tail is a set of triples with first coordinates , and a union of a descending sequence of tail conditions of length below is a tail condition. (The Easton-support product of higher Cohen forcings, Easton head chain condition and tail closure)
The class forcing relation is defined over the class of -names by the atomic and formula clauses, is a class of definable from and , and satisfies the truth lemma . (Set-stage names and the forcing truth lemma for the Easton class product)
The formula clauses are: iff no forces ; iff below every there are and a name with ; iff both. (Forcing relation for all formulas, Atomic forcing relation)
Forcing is monotone and decidable: and imply , and every condition has a stronger one forcing or forcing . (Monotonicity, density, and decision for forcing)
A filter is directed and upward closed; density and genericity are as in the density convention; a set of pairwise incompatible conditions is an antichain, and an antichain is maximal when every condition is compatible with one of its members. (Dense open sets and generic filters over a model)
Ground AC is assumed: every set-indexed family of nonempty sets has a choice function (The Axiom of Choice). Since and each head is a set forcing with an -generic filter, every head extension satisfies ZFC, including AC, Separation and Replacement. (Generic extensions satisfy ZF and preserve ground-model Choice)
Proof
For each the class of conditions deciding is definable and dense by [F3] and [F5]. For a fixed we build a good tail condition below any given : at successor stages choose a head condition incompatible with all previously chosen ones, strengthen the head and tail to decide , and use the resulting stronger head condition as . If is an outer existential formula and the decision is positive, strengthen head and tail once more and choose a ground witness name forcing its matrix by the existential density clause [F4]; the final head condition remains incompatible with earlier cells. Use the Global Choice least witness among those of least rank at each successor stage. At limit stages take the union of the earlier tails, which is a condition by [F2]; class Replacement collects each set-length initial segment. If the construction did not stop before , class Replacement would collect a forbidden -sized head antichain. Decisions and attached witnesses persist under stronger tails. By the -chain condition of the head, this recursion must stop before , when the head antichain is maximal. The resulting tail is good for , so the class of tails good for one is dense and open in and belongs to by [F1]; the set-indexed choices and antichains are supplied by Global Choice and class Replacement in [F1] and ground Choice [F7].
Iterating step 1.1 along the many indices: given good for all , apply step 1.1 to and to get good for , and the antichains and decisions already attached to the earlier indices persist because decisions are inherited by stronger conditions by [F5], using monotonicity and the fact that remains maximal. Choose at each stage the least-rank witness tuple and then its Global Choice least representative; class Replacement [F1] collects the -indexed antichains, decision maps and attached witness names into one ground set. Thus the class of tail conditions deciding on is the intersection of the many open dense classes, it is open and in , and it is dense in : given , build a descending sequence with good for all by recursion of length , taking lower bounds at limits by -closure, and a lower bound of the whole sequence is in by openness.
The class is dense in and lies in , because below any the class supplies a tail condition and then has its tail in ; so by the genericity of there is with , and by [F6] is a directed filter in the tail.
Confirmation and definability in the head stage. Fix from step 3.1 and . The antichain and the decisions are ground sets, hence lie in ; since is an -generic filter on [F6] and is a maximal antichain of , there is exactly one , and uniqueness uses directedness of the filter and pairwise incompatibility inside the antichain. The condition is extended by an element of : any common extension of and in is below it, so by [F3] and [F5] the truth value of in is exactly the value recorded at , and the recorded value is a formula of with the ground parameters and the decision function; consequently the set is defined in by Separation in that ZFC set extension [F7] applied to . For an outer existential formula, its positive cells carry the witness names selected in step 1.1.
The witness names. The witnesses attached in step 4.1 are names of and they are indexed by the set , which is a set of because each is a set of cardinality at most by [F2] and ; by Replacement in [F1] the class function sending each such name to the least infinite regular cardinal of its stage is bounded on this set, so there is an infinite regular with ; then by the stage valuation of [F3] and Replacement in the set extension [F7], which is the last clause.
Steps 2.1, 3.1, 4.1 and 5.1 establish (a), (b) and (c): a class-generic extension contains one tail condition and ground head antichains deciding the formula on every tuple, the truth values are computed in the head stage, and the witness names lie in one ground stage; this is the statement. ∎
Depends on
- Class-theoretic ground assumptions for Easton forcing
- Set-stage names and the forcing truth lemma for the Easton class product
- Easton head chain condition and tail closure
- The Easton-support product of higher Cohen forcings
- Forcing names and their rank
- Forcing relation for all formulas
- Atomic forcing relation
- Monotonicity, density, and decision for forcing
- Dense open sets and generic filters over a model
- The Axiom of Choice
- Generic extensions satisfy ZF and preserve ground-model Choice
Used by
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