Alphabeta Math
TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-13
How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

Generic extensions satisfy ZF and preserve ground-model Choice

Statement

In ambient ZF, let M be a transitive ZF model, P a nonempty forcing preorder in M, and G M-generic. Then M[G] is a transitive ZF model, MM[G], and GM[G]. If in addition MAC, then M[G]AC. The ZF branch needs neither ambient nor ground-model Choice; the ZFC branch uses AC only inside M to well-order a set of names.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: M, P and G as stated. All collections of names below are formed internally in M; all target separation and replacement claims are for fixed formulas and their name parameters.

[F1]

Forcing theorem gives internally definable forcing and both directions of the truth lemma.

[F2]

Transitivity and a valuation rank bound gives transitivity of M[G].

[F3]

Names for pairs, functions and ordinals gives S(T)=T×P with value {τG:τT}, names for pairs and indexed valuation graphs.

[F4]

Check-name evaluation and reconstruction of G gives MM[G], GM[G], and all ground checks.

[F5]

The Axiom of Choice specifies the optional ground-model axiom.

[F6]

The well-ordering theorem well-orders a set using AC; here it is used only inside M in the optional branch.

Proof

1.1

F2 and F4 give transitivity and the stated containments. Empty Set and Infinity hold since the actual empty set and omega belong to M and hence to M[G]. Extensionality holds in a transitive domain: every member of either set is in that domain. For Foundation, any nonempty xM[G] has an ambient membership-minimal yx; transitivity puts y in M[G], and yx= remains true there. F3 constructs an unordered pair name S({σ,τ}), giving Pairing.

F2F3F4
1.2

For Separation, let a=σG and let b=τG be the parameters of a fixed formula φ. Put T=dom(σ) and form in M the name η={ρ,pT×P:pM(ρσφ(ρ,τ))}. It is a set by internal Separation using definability in F1. A member of its value satisfies the displayed conjunction by the truth lemma. Conversely any xa has a representative ρT; if φ(x,b) holds, the truth lemma supplies a p in G for that conjunction. Hence ηG={xa:M[G]φ(x,b)}, proving every Separation instance.

F1F3
2.1

For Union, for a=σG form T=ρdom(σ)dom(ρ) in M. F3 gives u=S(T)GM[G]. If zya, valuation first gives a subname ρ of sigma for y and then a subname of rho for z, so zu. Separation from step 1.2, with predicate ya (zy), cuts out exactly a from u.

F3step 1.2
2.2

For Replacement, suppose a fixed formula φ(x,y,b) defines exactly one y for every xa=σG. For each (ρ,p)dom(σ)×P, define in M γ(ρ,p) to be the least ordinal γ for which some name τVγM has pMφ(ρ,τ,τ); put it equal to zero if there is no such name. This is a definable ordinal function, so internal Replacement gives an ordinal δ strictly above every such γ. Internal Separation forms the set U of names in VδM. F3 gives u=S(U)GM[G]. Given xa and its unique y, choose a representing subname rho for x and any name for y. F1 gives p in G forcing the matrix. By the definition of the least rank, there is a witnessing name in U forced by that same p; F1 and uniqueness identify its value with y. Thus u contains every output. Separation using xa φ(x,y,b) gives the exact range. Only least ranks were collected, never a chosen name from each witness class.

F1F3step 1.2
2.3

For Power Set, put T=dom(σ) for a=σG and form Q=P(T×P)M in M. Every element of Q is a name, so u=S(Q)G belongs to M[G]. If yM[G] and ya, choose a name eta for y and form θ={ρ,pT×P:pMρη}Q. By F1 its value is contained in y. Conversely a member x of y is in a and has a representative rho in T; the truth lemma supplies p in G forcing its membership in eta, so x is in θG. Thus y=θGu. Separation of u by ya now gives exactly the internal power set of a. This uses only M's subsets of T×P, not its external power set.

F1F3step 1.2
3.1

The preceding steps give every axiom of ZF: the elementary axioms, Union, each Separation and Replacement instance, and Power Set. The target instances were derived from fixed internal forcing predicates; no truth predicate for M[G] was assumed inside M. This establishes the entire ZF branch.

step 1.1step 1.2step 2.1step 2.2step 2.3
4.1

Assume now, only for this branch, that M satisfies AC. Given a=σG, F5–F7 inside M provide a bijection h:ξdom(σ) for some ordinal xi; this is the exact use of ground-model AC. F3 constructs in M a graph name whose value in M[G] is the function f(i)=h(i)G on xi. Its range covers a. In the ZF model from step 3.1, for each xa the nonempty fibre {i<ξ:f(i)=x} has a least ordinal. Least fibres inject a into xi and well-order a. For a family of nonempty sets in M[G], apply this to its union and take the least member of each family member; target Replacement yields the choice function. Empty a and the empty family need only the empty maps. Thus M[G] satisfies AC, with no ambient AC assumption.

F3F5F6F7step 3.1

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