How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
Generic extensions satisfy ZF and preserve ground-model Choice
Statement
In ambient ZF, let M be a transitive ZF model, P a nonempty forcing preorder in M, and G M-generic. Then M[G] is a transitive ZF model, , and . If in addition , then . The ZF branch needs neither ambient nor ground-model Choice; the ZFC branch uses AC only inside M to well-order a set of names.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: M, P and G as stated. All collections of names below are formed internally in M; all target separation and replacement claims are for fixed formulas and their name parameters.
Forcing theorem gives internally definable forcing and both directions of the truth lemma.
Transitivity and a valuation rank bound gives transitivity of M[G].
Names for pairs, functions and ordinals gives with value , names for pairs and indexed valuation graphs.
Check-name evaluation and reconstruction of G gives , , and all ground checks.
The Axiom of Choice specifies the optional ground-model axiom.
The well-ordering theorem well-orders a set using AC; here it is used only inside M in the optional branch.
A set equinumerous with some ordinal has a least such ordinal, that ordinal is a cardinal, and equinumerous sets get the same one; no choice principle is used clause (a) gives an ordinal bijection for an already well-orderable set, without further Choice.
Proof
F2 and F4 give transitivity and the stated containments. Empty Set and Infinity hold since the actual empty set and omega belong to M and hence to M[G]. Extensionality holds in a transitive domain: every member of either set is in that domain. For Foundation, any nonempty has an ambient membership-minimal ; transitivity puts y in M[G], and remains true there. F3 constructs an unordered pair name , giving Pairing.
For Separation, let and let be the parameters of a fixed formula . Put and form in M the name . It is a set by internal Separation using definability in F1. A member of its value satisfies the displayed conjunction by the truth lemma. Conversely any has a representative ; if holds, the truth lemma supplies a p in G for that conjunction. Hence , proving every Separation instance.
For Union, for form in M. F3 gives . If , valuation first gives a subname of sigma for y and then a subname of rho for z, so . Separation from step 1.2, with predicate , cuts out exactly from u.
For Replacement, suppose a fixed formula defines exactly one y for every . For each , define in M to be the least ordinal for which some name has ; put it equal to zero if there is no such name. This is a definable ordinal function, so internal Replacement gives an ordinal strictly above every such . Internal Separation forms the set U of names in . F3 gives . Given and its unique y, choose a representing subname rho for x and any name for y. F1 gives p in G forcing the matrix. By the definition of the least rank, there is a witnessing name in U forced by that same p; F1 and uniqueness identify its value with y. Thus u contains every output. Separation using gives the exact range. Only least ranks were collected, never a chosen name from each witness class.
For Power Set, put for and form in M. Every element of Q is a name, so belongs to M[G]. If and , choose a name eta for y and form . By F1 its value is contained in y. Conversely a member x of y is in a and has a representative rho in T; the truth lemma supplies p in G forcing its membership in eta, so x is in . Thus . Separation of u by now gives exactly the internal power set of a. This uses only M's subsets of , not its external power set.
The preceding steps give every axiom of ZF: the elementary axioms, Union, each Separation and Replacement instance, and Power Set. The target instances were derived from fixed internal forcing predicates; no truth predicate for M[G] was assumed inside M. This establishes the entire ZF branch.
Assume now, only for this branch, that M satisfies AC. Given , F5–F7 inside M provide a bijection for some ordinal xi; this is the exact use of ground-model AC. F3 constructs in M a graph name whose value in M[G] is the function on xi. Its range covers a. In the ZF model from step 3.1, for each the nonempty fibre has a least ordinal. Least fibres inject a into xi and well-order a. For a family of nonempty sets in M[G], apply this to its union and take the least member of each family member; target Replacement yields the choice function. Empty a and the empty family need only the empty maps. Thus M[G] satisfies AC, with no ambient AC assumption.
Depends on
- Forcing theorem
- Transitivity and a valuation rank bound
- Names for pairs, functions and ordinals
- Check-name evaluation and reconstruction of G
- The Axiom of Choice
- The well-ordering theorem
- A set equinumerous with some ordinal has a least such ordinal, that ordinal is a cardinal, and equinumerous sets get the same one; no choice principle is used
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
31 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.