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Finite tie-broken projection searches are Borel measurable
Statement
Let and let be orthogonal projections in onto fixed finite-dimensional subspaces . Let be fixed. For , define , choose the least index attaining , and return its fitted vector . The resulting map is Borel measurable. The index map is Borel measurable when has its discrete sigma-algebra.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A finite ordered list of fixed subspaces and their orthogonal projections, and fixed real penalties.
Each finite-dimensional orthogonal projection is linear and continuous (Finite-dimensional orthogonal projections are linear and contractive).
The Borel sigma-algebra is the sigma-algebra generated by open sets (The Borel sigma-algebra of a topological space, Topology on a set, open and closed sets, clopen sets, the closed-set axiomatisation, and the coarser/finer comparison).
A measurable map is one whose inverse image of every target measurable set is measurable (A measurable function between measurable spaces).
Every nonempty finite set of real scores has a minimum (Maximum and minimum of a set, Every nonempty finite set of reals has a maximum and a minimum).
A globally continuous map has open inverse images of open sets and closed inverse images of closed sets (For a map of spaces the following agree: continuity at every point, preimages of open sets open, preimages of closed sets closed, preimages of subbasic open sets open, and ).
The Euclidean inner product satisfies finite-dimensional Cauchy--Schwarz (The Cauchy-Schwarz inequality for finite sums).
The Euclidean norm satisfies the triangle inequality, and expansion of squared norms gives (The inner-product norm is definite, homogeneous, and satisfies the triangle inequality, Pythagoras, the parallelogram identity, and the real and complex polarisation identities).
Proof
Put . By [F1] and [F7], is linear and . For , [F6] and [F7] give For fixed , the last factor is bounded when is near , so the squared residual and hence are continuous.
By [F4], a minimum score exists. Its least minimizing index is exactly on the set Each strict comparison is open and each non-strict comparison is closed because the score differences are continuous and [F5] applies to open and closed sets. Thus every is Borel by [F2]; the sets are disjoint and cover .
For any open , . Each is open by [F1, F5], so this finite union is Borel. If ranges over subsets of whose inverse images under are Borel, those subsets form a sigma-algebra containing every open set; [F2] therefore puts every Borel in this family. By [F3], is Borel measurable. The index-map preimage of any set of indices is a finite union of the corresponding , so the index map is measurable as well.
Depends on
- The Borel sigma-algebra of a topological space
- Topology on a set, open and closed sets, clopen sets, the closed-set axiomatisation, and the coarser/finer comparison
- For a map of spaces the following agree: continuity at every point, preimages of open sets open, preimages of closed sets closed, preimages of subbasic open sets open, and $f(\overline{A}) \subseteq \overline{f(A)}$
- A measurable function between measurable spaces
- Maximum and minimum of a set
- Every nonempty finite set of reals has a maximum and a minimum
- The Cauchy-Schwarz inequality for finite sums
- The inner-product norm is definite, homogeneous, and satisfies the triangle inequality
- Pythagoras, the parallelogram identity, and the real and complex polarisation identities
- Finite-dimensional orthogonal projections are linear and contractive
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
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Sources
- Philippe Rigollet and Jan-Christian Hütter, High-Dimensional Statistics: Lecture Notes, Chapter 2, §§7–10 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Sylvain Arlot, Model/estimator selection, Lecture on model selection, §§1–2 (standard reference, not scraped)