Alphabeta Math
LemmaStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-generatedprecheck passjudge pass (deepseek-v4-pro + gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-08-26
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  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

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No graph on exactly three vertices is prime

Statement

Every finite simple graph G with ∣V(G)∣=3 has a nontrivial module, and is therefore not prime.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A finite simple graph G with V(G)={x,y,z}, three distinct vertices.

[F1]

M is a module of G when the pair ({v},M) is pure for every v∈V(G)∖M, and M is nontrivial when 2≤∣M∣ and ∣M∣≤∣V(G)∣−1 (Modules of a graph, and the trivial modules, The cardinality ∣A∣ of a finite set).

[F2]

G is prime when every module of G is trivial (Prime graphs: those whose only modules are the trivial ones).

[F3]

The edge set of G is a set of two-element subsets of V(G), and the two-element subsets of {x,y,z} are exactly {x,y}, {x,z} and {y,z} (A finite simple graph is a finite vertex set together with a set of two-element vertex subsets).

[F4]

A disjoint pair is complete when every cross pair is an edge, anticomplete when no cross pair is an edge, and pure when it is complete or anticomplete (Edges between disjoint vertex sets; complete, anticomplete, pure and mixed pairs).

Proof

technique · cases
1.1F1F3

By [F3] the graph has at most three edges, so ∣E(G)∣ is 0, 1, 2 or 3, and any two-element M⊆V(G) has ∣M∣=2=∣V(G)∣−1, hence is nontrivial once it is a module.

1.2assume-case noneF3F4

First case: ∣E(G)∣=0. Take M={x,y}; the only vertex outside is z, and it is adjacent to neither, so ({z},M) is anticomplete.

1.3assume-case allF3F4

Second case: ∣E(G)∣=3. Take M={x,y}; the only vertex outside is z, and by [F3] both {x,z} and {y,z} are edges, so ({z},M) is complete.

1.4assume-case oneF3F4

Third case: ∣E(G)∣=1, say the single edge is {p,q} and r is the remaining vertex. Take M={p,q}; neither {p,r} nor {q,r} is an edge, since there is only one edge and it is {p,q}, so ({r},M) is anticomplete.

1.5assume-case twoF3F4

Fourth case: ∣E(G)∣=2. Each of the three possible edges listed in [F3] meets each of the other two, so the two edges of G share a vertex q; write them as {p,q} and {q,r} with {p,q,r}=V(G). Take M={p,r}; the only vertex outside is q, which is adjacent to both, so ({q},M) is complete.

2.1step 1.1step 1.2step 1.3step 1.4step 1.5F1cases-exhaustive

The four cases cover every value of ∣E(G)∣ allowed by step 1.1, and in each of them the exhibited two-element set M has ({v},M) pure for the single vertex v outside it, so M is a module.

3.1step 2.1F1F2∎

That module is nontrivial by step 1.1, so G is not prime.

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

15 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources