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Uniqueness of a Radon measure representing a distribution
Statement
Let be open. If two finite signed Radon measures on have the same integrals against every function in , then the measures are equal.
Statement references
Facts & Assumptions
Given: An open set and finite signed Radon measures whose integrals agree on every compactly supported smooth test function.
Under the repository convention, each finite signed Radon measure has finite total variation on , and that total-variation measure is regular on all Borel sets. This all-Borel approximation follows already from the finite Radon convention: for a finite positive Radon measure , a Borel , and , choose compact with , and open with . Then is compact in and . For , the partition definition gives , so is finite and regular as well: compact inner and open outer approximations for the finite regular sum also approximate . (Regular complex Borel measures, Radon measure on an LCH space)
Rational balls give a countable base, and compact sets have finite subcovers. (The rationals embed densely in the reals, is countably infinite, A product of two at most countable sets is at most countable, Heine-Borel in : with the Euclidean metric a subset of is compact if and only if it is closed and bounded, and the proof by bisection uses no choice principle; the same holds on the real line)
A smooth bump can equal one on an inner ball and vanish outside a larger ball. (A smooth bump between concentric Euclidean balls)
Dominated convergence applies to bounded pointwise-convergent cutoffs against the finite measure . (Dominated convergence)
Proof
Given: The open set and finite signed Radon measures with equal integrals on smooth compactly supported tests.
If , equality is immediate. If and , its singleton indicator is a smooth compactly supported test and determines every measure. Assume henceforth . Set . If is compact and nonempty, then for every sufficiently large , rational inner balls with doubled closures in cover ; [F2] gives a finite subcover, and ordering finite rational lists by natural-number codes gives a least such cover. Put the fixed bump [F3] on each selected ball and combine them as . Then , it equals one on , is supported in the -neighborhood of , and . Since each is a smooth compactly supported test function, ; dominated convergence [F4] with respect to the finite regular total-variation measure [F1] gives . The empty compact set has measure zero directly.
For any Borel and , inner regularity of [F1] gives a compact with . Since step 1.1 gives , we have . Thus for every Borel , so .
Depends on
- Regular complex Borel measures
- Radon measure on an LCH space
- The rationals embed densely in the reals
- A smooth bump between concentric Euclidean balls
- A product of two at most countable sets is at most countable
- Heine-Borel in $\mathbb{R}^n$: with the Euclidean metric a subset of $\mathbb{R}^n$ is compact if and only if it is closed and bounded, and the proof by bisection uses no choice principle; the same holds on the real line
- $\mathbb{Q}$ is countably infinite
- Dominated convergence
Used by
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Sources
- Gláucio Terra, Introduction to Geometric Measure Theory — Lecture Notes, version 1.6 (standard reference, not scraped)