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Indeterminacy of a rational map to a group is divisorial
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Choice. Let be algebraically closed, a smooth integral finite-type -scheme, and a separated finite-type -group scheme. The complement of the maximal domain of a rational map is either empty or a finite union of prime divisors.
Facts & Assumptions
Smooth local rings are UFDs, and hence a rational function is regular at a point exactly when none of its pole divisors contains that point. (Regular local rings are unique factorization domains)
Nonempty opens of finite-type schemes over an algebraically closed field have rational closed points. (Over an algebraically closed field, every maximal ideal is an evaluation ideal)
Rational maps to separated schemes have a unique maximal open domain, obtained by gluing representatives. Group multiplication and inverse are morphisms. (Rational maps of integral finite-type schemes, Abelian varieties over a field)
Proof
Given: AC, , , , and as above.
On the product of its domain with itself define . This is a rational map and is the identity on the generic diagonal. Fix an affine neighbourhood of the identity in , and finite -algebra generators of . The preimage of under is a nonempty open since it contains the diagonal over the domain of . Thus are rational functions on . Their finitely many pole divisors determine, by [F1], precisely the locus where the rational map to is not regular. Where all are regular, their algebraic relations remain valid and define its extension as a morphism to .
For a closed point , is defined at if and only if is defined at , and the value there is the identity. The forward implication is immediate. Conversely, if extends at , its diagonal restriction is the identity by generic agreement and separatedness. Choose an open neighbourhood in on which it is regular. Its slice at in the second coordinate meets the dense domain of , so [F2] supplies a rational point in that intersection. Restricting to near and multiplying by the fixed extends near . Since the value on the diagonal is the identity, this is also equivalent to all being regular at : if is defined there its value lies in , and conversely the regular extend the map to .
No pole divisor of any contains the whole diagonal: maps the diagonal over the domain of to the identity in . Each such prime divisor is locally Cartier by [F1], and its restriction to the integral smooth diagonal is either empty or an effective Cartier divisor, since its local equation is not zero at the generic point of the diagonal. Its support therefore is a union of codimension-one subvarieties of . By step 2.1 the indeterminacy locus equals the union of these restricted supports on all closed points. Both are closed subsets of a finite-type scheme over an algebraically closed field, so [F2] shows they are equal as subsets. This is precisely the claimed pure divisorial complement. AC is inherited from [F1]–[F2].
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Sources
- Milne, Abelian Varieties, Chapter I, Lemma 3.3, pp.17-18 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Milne, Algebraic Groups (2022), 8.17, p.152 (standard reference, not scraped)