Alphabeta Math
LemmaStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-generatedSession-authored (Fable 5 assisted)precheck passaudited 2026-08-11
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The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

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Every plane triangulation with at least three vertices is connected

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A plane triangulation G with at least three vertices.

[L1]

The connected components of a graph are nonempty, cover its vertex set, are pairwise equal or disjoint, and are its maximal connected subgraphs (The connected components of a graph partition its vertex set and are its maximal connected subgraphs).

[L2]

A face of a plane graph is a connected component of the complement of its drawing. Its boundary subgraph consists of the vertices and whole edges in its frontier; for a disconnected plane graph a face may have several boundary walks (Plane embeddings of finite simple graphs, their faces, facial boundary walks and lengths (counting a bridge twice), and planar graphs, Regions of the complement of a planar set and their frontiers).

[L3]

Every connected component of an open subset of R2 is open and polygonally connected (Every connected component of an open subset of Rn is open and polygonally connected).

[L4]

If the relative interior of an edge meets the frontier of a face, then the whole edge lies in that frontier (Face frontiers are unions of whole edges; a cycle edge borders two faces and a bridge borders one).

[F1]

A plane triangulation is a plane graph in which every face, including the unbounded face, has boundary a triangle (Maximal plane graphs, plane triangulations, and maximally planar abstract graphs).

Proof

technique · contradiction
1.1

Suppose for contradiction that G is disconnected. By [L1], choose one connected component C and let H be the plane subgraph formed by all the other components. Both C and H are nonempty.

assume-contraL1choose
2.1

The point set of the drawing of C is connected: graph paths join its vertices, their polygonal images are connected, and every point of an edge is joined along that edge to an endpoint. This drawing is disjoint from H, so it lies in one face h of H.

step 1.1L1L2
3.1

Choose points p0 in the drawing of C and x in the drawing of H. On the segment from p0 to x, let x0 be the first point in the closed drawing of H. The part before x0 lies in the complement of H and is connected to p0, so it lies in h and x0 lies in the frontier of h. If x0 lies in an edge interior, [L4] puts the whole edge in that frontier; hence in every case the frontier contains a vertex y of H. The drawing of C is a closed finite union of segments disjoint from y, so choose a disc D about y that avoids C and meets H only in y and segments incident with y. One of the local sectors of DH lies in h; it lies in a face f of G, and it approaches y, so y belongs to the boundary subgraph of f.

step 2.1L2L4choose
4.1

Choose a point q in that sector and a point p of the drawing of C. The face h is a connected component of the open complement of H, so [L3] gives a polygonal path in h from q to p. Let z be its first point on the closed drawing of C. The part before z avoids every component of G and starts in f, so it lies in f and shows that z is in the frontier of f. If z is a vertex then the boundary subgraph of f meets C there; if z is in an edge interior, [L4] puts that whole edge, and hence its endpoints in C, in the boundary.

step 3.1L2L3L4choose
5.1

The boundary subgraph of f therefore contains a vertex of C and a vertex of H. It is disconnected: any path in that boundary subgraph would also be a path in G joining two distinct components, contrary to [L1].

step 1.1step 3.1step 4.1L1L2
6.1

By [F1], however, the boundary subgraph of f is a triangle and is connected. This contradiction is independent of whether h or f is bounded, so it includes the unbounded face; it also uses only that the disconnected graph has two nonempty components, so it covers the smallest permitted order of three. Hence G is connected.

step 5.1F1discharge-contradiction

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · next 3 levels

Direct dependencies and their dependencies through the next three levels: 79 results over 17 levels. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, and this result sits at the bottom with a heavier outline. Click the chart to enlarge it.

Sources