How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
Every plane triangulation with at least three vertices is connected
Statement
Every plane triangulation with at least three vertices (Maximal plane graphs, plane triangulations, and maximally planar abstract graphs) is connected (Connected graphs and connected components defined by the existence of vertex paths).
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A plane triangulation with at least three vertices.
The connected components of a graph are nonempty, cover its vertex set, are pairwise equal or disjoint, and are its maximal connected subgraphs (The connected components of a graph partition its vertex set and are its maximal connected subgraphs).
A face of a plane graph is a connected component of the complement of its drawing. Its boundary subgraph consists of the vertices and whole edges in its frontier; for a disconnected plane graph a face may have several boundary walks (Plane embeddings of finite simple graphs, their faces, facial boundary walks and lengths (counting a bridge twice), and planar graphs, Regions of the complement of a planar set and their frontiers).
Every connected component of an open subset of is open and polygonally connected (Every connected component of an open subset of is open and polygonally connected).
If the relative interior of an edge meets the frontier of a face, then the whole edge lies in that frontier (Face frontiers are unions of whole edges; a cycle edge borders two faces and a bridge borders one).
A plane triangulation is a plane graph in which every face, including the unbounded face, has boundary a triangle (Maximal plane graphs, plane triangulations, and maximally planar abstract graphs).
Proof
Suppose for contradiction that is disconnected. By [L1], choose one connected component and let be the plane subgraph formed by all the other components. Both and are nonempty.
The point set of the drawing of is connected: graph paths join its vertices, their polygonal images are connected, and every point of an edge is joined along that edge to an endpoint. This drawing is disjoint from , so it lies in one face of .
Choose points in the drawing of and in the drawing of . On the segment from to , let be the first point in the closed drawing of . The part before lies in the complement of and is connected to , so it lies in and lies in the frontier of . If lies in an edge interior, [L4] puts the whole edge in that frontier; hence in every case the frontier contains a vertex of . The drawing of is a closed finite union of segments disjoint from , so choose a disc about that avoids and meets only in and segments incident with . One of the local sectors of lies in ; it lies in a face of , and it approaches , so belongs to the boundary subgraph of .
Choose a point in that sector and a point of the drawing of . The face is a connected component of the open complement of , so [L3] gives a polygonal path in from to . Let be its first point on the closed drawing of . The part before avoids every component of and starts in , so it lies in and shows that is in the frontier of . If is a vertex then the boundary subgraph of meets there; if is in an edge interior, [L4] puts that whole edge, and hence its endpoints in , in the boundary.
The boundary subgraph of therefore contains a vertex of and a vertex of . It is disconnected: any path in that boundary subgraph would also be a path in joining two distinct components, contrary to [L1].
By [F1], however, the boundary subgraph of is a triangle and is connected. This contradiction is independent of whether or is bounded, so it includes the unbounded face; it also uses only that the disconnected graph has two nonempty components, so it covers the smallest permitted order of three. Hence is connected.
Depends on
- Maximal plane graphs, plane triangulations, and maximally planar abstract graphs
- Plane embeddings of finite simple graphs, their faces, facial boundary walks and lengths (counting a bridge twice), and planar graphs
- Regions of the complement of a planar set and their frontiers
- Connected graphs and connected components defined by the existence of vertex paths
- The connected components of a graph partition its vertex set and are its maximal connected subgraphs
- Every connected component of an open subset of $\mathbb{R}^n$ is open and polygonally connected
- Face frontiers are unions of whole edges; a cycle edge borders two faces and a bridge borders one
Used by
Dependency tree · next 3 levels
Direct dependencies and their dependencies through the next three levels: 79 results over 17 levels. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, and this result sits at the bottom with a heavier outline. Click the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- R. Diestel, Graph Theory, 6th ed., Proposition 4.2.8, Proposition 4.4.1 and Corollary 4.4.7 (standard reference, not scraped)