Alphabeta Math
LemmaStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generated
How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

The product of two probability kernels is a probability kernel

Statement

Let (Z,Z), (E,E), and (F,F) be measurable spaces, and let K:Z⇝E and L:Z⇝F be probability kernels. For each z, let Πz=K(z,⋅)⊗L(z,⋅) be the finite product probability on (E×F,E⊗F). Then z↦Πz is a probability kernel.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The spaces and probability kernels in the Statement.

[F1]

Every kernel section is a measure; each event evaluation is measurable, and probability-kernel sections have total mass one. Measure kernel and probability kernel

[F2]

For probability measures, the finite product measure exists uniquely and satisfies (μ⊗ν)(A×B)=μ(A)ν(B). For sigma-finite factors, the product measure exists, has the rectangle formula, is sigma-finite, and is unique

[F3]

Rectangles form a pi-system generating the product sigma-algebra, and a lambda-system containing them contains that sigma-algebra. The product sigma-algebra and its finite iterates Dynkin's pi-lambda theorem

Given: The hypotheses in the Statement.

Proof

1.1F1F2F3given

For fixed z, [F2] gives the probability measure Πz. [F2, given] If A∈E and B∈F, then Πz(A×B)=K(z,A)L(z,B), which is a measurable function of z by the two kernel assumptions in [F1]. Also Πz(E×F)=1 for every z.

2.1F1F3step 1.1

Let D be the class of product-measurable C⊆E×F for which z↦Πz(C) is measurable. Step 1.1 shows every rectangle belongs to D, and the whole product does as well. If C∈D, then Πz(Cc)=1−Πz(C), so Cc∈D. If Cj are pairwise disjoint members, then Πz(⋃jCj)=lim⁡n∑j=1nΠz(Cj) by countable additivity, a pointwise limit of measurable functions. Thus D is a lambda-system.

3.1F1F3step 1.1step 2.1∎

Rectangles are a pi-system generating E⊗F, so [F3] implies D=E⊗F. Every section Πz is a probability by step 1.1; hence z↦Πz is the claimed probability kernel. All constructions are pointwise and use no choice axiom.

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

21 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources