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Kraus operators in an identity-channel representation are scalar
Statement
Let be a nonzero finite-dimensional complex inner-product space with the library convention linear in the first argument. Let be a finite family whose Kraus map is the identity channel, so for every . Then for each there is a scalar such that .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The finite Kraus family and identity-map equality in the Statement.
Real and complex inner product spaces, with the inner product linear in the first argument fixes linearity in the first argument and conjugate-linearity in the second.
Finite Kraus representation: the displayed finite operator sum represents the map on every endomorphism.
Finite-dimensional quantum channel: a channel is completely positive and trace-preserving on the full endomorphism space.
Every finite-dimensional real or complex inner product space has an orthonormal basis: has a finite orthonormal basis.
For a subspace of a finite-dimensional inner product space, : a finite-dimensional inner-product space is the orthogonal direct sum of a subspace and its orthogonal complement.
Every linear map between finite-dimensional inner product spaces has a unique adjoint: each finite linear operator has an adjoint satisfying the defining pairing identity.
Proof
For a unit vector , define . The adjoint identity [F6] rewrites , so the assumed channel identity gives . If , then and . Thus , so each inner product vanishes. For a fixed , write with using [F5]. The vanishing inner product with gives , so and .
If , each linear endomorphism is scalar, so the conclusion holds. If , choose an orthonormal basis by [F4]. Step 1.1 gives . For , applying step 1.1 to shows , hence . Thus is independent of for each .
In either dimension case, each acts by one scalar on a basis of , and therefore on all of .
Depends on
- Every finite-dimensional real or complex inner product space has an orthonormal basis
- The adjoint $T^*:W\to V$ is characterised by $\langle Tv,w\rangle_W=\langle v,T^*w\rangle_V$
- Real and complex inner product spaces, with the inner product linear in the first argument
- Finite Kraus representation
- Finite-dimensional quantum channel
- Every linear map between finite-dimensional inner product spaces has a unique adjoint
- For a subspace $W$ of a finite-dimensional inner product space, $V=W\oplus W^\perp$
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
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Sources
- John Preskill, Quantum Information, Chapter 7: Quantum Error Correction (working draft, March 2026) (standard reference, not scraped)
- David W. Kribs, Raymond Laflamme, David Poulin, and Maia Lesosky, Operator Quantum Error Correction (standard reference, not scraped)