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LemmaStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-6-luna)
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Kraus operators in an identity-channel representation are scalar

Statement

Let H be a nonzero finite-dimensional complex inner-product space with the library convention linear in the first argument. Let K1,…,Km:H→H be a finite family whose Kraus map is the identity channel, so ∑jKjXKj∗=X for every X∈End⁡(H). Then for each j there is a scalar cj∈C such that Kj=cjIH.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The finite Kraus family and identity-map equality in the Statement.

[F1]

Real and complex inner product spaces, with the inner product linear in the first argument fixes linearity in the first argument and conjugate-linearity in the second.

[F2]

Finite Kraus representation: the displayed finite operator sum represents the map on every endomorphism.

[F3]

Finite-dimensional quantum channel: a channel is completely positive and trace-preserving on the full endomorphism space.

[F5]

For a subspace W of a finite-dimensional inner product space, V=W⊕W⊥: a finite-dimensional inner-product space is the orthogonal direct sum of a subspace and its orthogonal complement.

[F6]

Every linear map between finite-dimensional inner product spaces has a unique adjoint: each finite linear operator has an adjoint satisfying the defining pairing identity.

Proof

1.1givenF1F2F3F5F6algebra

For a unit vector ψ, define Pψz=⟨z,ψ⟩ψ. The adjoint identity [F6] rewrites KjPψKj∗z=⟨z,Kjψ⟩Kjψ, so the assumed channel identity gives ∑jKjPψKj∗=Pψ. If u⊥ψ, then ⟨Pψu,u⟩=0 and ⟨KjPψKj∗u,u⟩=∣⟨u,Kjψ⟩∣2. Thus ∑j∣⟨u,Kjψ⟩∣2=0, so each inner product vanishes. For a fixed j, write Kjψ=cψ+v with v⊥ψ using [F5]. The vanishing inner product with u=v gives 0=⟨v,Kjψ⟩=∥v∥2, so v=0 and Kjψ∈span⁡{ψ}.

2.1step 1.1F4algebrachoose

If dim⁡H=1, each linear endomorphism is scalar, so the conclusion holds. If dim⁡H≥2, choose an orthonormal basis (e1,…,en) by [F4]. Step 1.1 gives Kjer=cjrer. For r≠s, applying step 1.1 to (er+es)/2 shows cjrer+cjses∈span⁡{er+es}, hence cjr=cjs. Thus cjr is independent of r for each j.

3.1step 2.1algebra∎

In either dimension case, each Kj acts by one scalar on a basis of H, and therefore Kj=cjIH on all of H.

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

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Sources