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A narrow probability curve defines its space-time measure
Statement
Let and let be a narrowly continuous curve of Borel probability measures on , where narrow continuity means convergence against every bounded continuous real test function. For a product-Borel set , write and define . Then is a probability kernel, is a finite Borel measure of total mass , and for every nonnegative product-Borel , .
Statement references
def borel probability law on a polish space
def measure kernel and probability kernel
def product sigma algebra and finite product sigma algebras
lem borel product of second countable spaces
thm sections of product measurable sets are measurable
thm measurability of integration against a kernel
thm monotone convergence for the integral
thm increasing simple approximation of a nonnegative measurable function
def nonnegative lebesgue integral
def integral of a nonnegative simple function
cor additivity of the nonnegative lebesgue integral
prop closure properties of measurable functions used by the integral
Filippo Santambrogio, Optimal Transport for Applied Mathematicians, Chapter 5, §§5.1–5.3
Facts & Assumptions
Given: and a narrowly continuous curve of Borel probability measures on .
A Borel probability law on a Polish space is a countably additive measure on its Borel sigma-algebra with total mass one. Borel probability law on a polish space
Narrow convergence of Borel probabilities implies the open-set lower bound for every open . Portmanteau theorem
A lambda-system containing a pi-system contains the sigma-algebra it generates. Dynkin's pi-lambda theorem
A probability kernel has a probability measure in every section and measurable evaluations in its source variable. Measure kernel and probability kernel
The Borel sigma-algebra on a product of second-countable spaces equals the product sigma-algebra, which is generated by measurable rectangles. Borel sigma-algebra of a product of second-countable spaces The product sigma-algebra and its finite iterates
Sections of product-measurable sets are measurable. Every section of a product-measurable set is measurable
For a probability kernel and a nonnegative product-measurable function , is measurable. Measurability of integration against a kernel
Increasing limits pass through nonnegative Lebesgue integrals. Monotone convergence for the integral
Every nonnegative measurable function has an increasing simple approximation; nonnegative simple integrals are finite sums of their level-set measures; increasing limits of measurable functions are measurable. Every nonnegative measurable function is the increasing limit of simple measurable functions The nonnegative Lebesgue integral The integral of a nonnegative simple function Additivity of the nonnegative Lebesgue integral Closure properties of measurable functions used by the integral
A measure is zero on the empty set and countably additive on disjoint measurable unions. Measures on sigma-algebras
Proof
Let be open and let . Narrow continuity gives , so [F2] gives . Thus is lower semicontinuous and hence Borel measurable.
Let be the Borel sets for which is measurable. It contains the whole space because each section is a probability. If , then , so . For pairwise disjoint , countable additivity gives , a measurable increasing limit. Hence is a lambda-system. The open sets form a pi-system generating the Borel sigma-algebra and belong to by step 1.1, so [F3] and [F9] give . Together with [F4], this proves that is a probability kernel.
By [F5], a product-Borel set is measurable for . Its sections are Borel by [F6]. Since is a probability kernel by step 2.1, [F7] applied to shows that is measurable. Thus is defined; and .
If are disjoint product-Borel sets, their sections are disjoint and . Integrating the increasing partial sums and using [F8] gives ; with step 2.1 this makes a finite Borel measure. For an indicator, the iterated-integral formula is the definition of ; finite nonnegative simple combinations give it for simple functions. For arbitrary nonnegative product-Borel , use [F9] to choose and apply [F8] to both and the time-section integrals. This proves .
Depends on
- Borel probability law on a polish space
- Measure kernel and probability kernel
- The product sigma-algebra and its finite iterates
- Borel sigma-algebra of a product of second-countable spaces
- Portmanteau theorem
- Dynkin's pi-lambda theorem
- Every section of a product-measurable set is measurable
- Measurability of integration against a kernel
- Monotone convergence for the integral
- Measures on sigma-algebras
- Every nonnegative measurable function is the increasing limit of simple measurable functions
- The nonnegative Lebesgue integral
- The integral of a nonnegative simple function
- Additivity of the nonnegative Lebesgue integral
- Closure properties of measurable functions used by the integral
Used by
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Sources
- Luigi Ambrosio, Nicola Gigli, and Giuseppe Savaré, Gradient Flows in Metric Spaces and in the Space of Probability Measures, Theorem 1.1.2 and Chapter 8 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Filippo Santambrogio, Optimal Transport for Applied Mathematicians, Chapter 5, §§5.1–5.3 (standard reference, not scraped)