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The complement of an oriented link is a connected smooth three-manifold

Statement

Assume the Axiom of Choice. Let L=K1∪⋯∪Kr⊂S3 be an oriented link (a finite disjoint union of oriented smoothly embedded circles, Oriented links in the three-sphere and ambient isotopy) with r≥1 components, and let XL:=S3∖L. Then XL is a connected smooth 3-manifold without boundary, and in particular is path-connected, locally path-connected and semilocally simply connected; moreover XL has the homotopy type of a finite CW complex (CW complex with closure finiteness and weak topology). Consequently the covering-space classification (Connected covering spaces are classified by conjugacy classes of fundamental-group subgroups) applies to XL.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: AC and an oriented link L=K1∪⋯∪Kr⊂S3 with r≥1 components, each the image of a smooth embedding of the standard circle.

[A1]

The Axiom of Choice: every family of nonempty sets has a choice function (The Axiom of Choice). It supplies the AC hypotheses of [F4] and [F5], and implies countable choice for the tubular-neighbourhood theorem [F2] (AC implies DC implies countable choice).

[F1]

Each Ki is the image of a smooth embedding of S1, and the Ki are pairwise disjoint, so L is nonempty, compact, and a proper subset of S3 (Oriented links in the three-sphere and ambient isotopy, Smooth embeddings).

[F2]

Under ACω every closed smooth embedded submanifold of a smooth manifold M has a tubular neighbourhood, that is, a neighbourhood diffeomorphic to an open neighbourhood of the zero section of its normal bundle with the zero section carried to the submanifold (The tubular neighbourhood theorem in a smooth ambient manifold, Tubular neighbourhoods of embedded submanifolds).

[F3]

An open subset of a smooth n-manifold carries a canonical restricted smooth structure making it a smooth n-manifold without boundary (An open subset of a smooth manifold has a canonical restricted smooth structure, Smooth manifolds and their smooth charts). A smooth manifold is locally Euclidean, Hausdorff and second countable (Topological manifolds with and without boundary).

[F4]

Each circle Ki≅S1 carries its standard finite CW structures (one 0-cell and one 1-cell, or two of each); the disjoint union of the finitely many Ki therefore carries the disjoint-union CW structure, in which the cells are the disjoint unions of the cells of the factors and the defining clauses of a CW complex (Hausdorff, closure finiteness, weak topology) are inherited (CW complex with closure finiteness and weak topology). Thus L is a nonempty finite CW complex of dimension 1, and Hn(L;R)=0 for every n>1 and every commutative ring R (Cohomology of a finite CW complex vanishes above its dimension).

[F5]

Alexander duality: for a nonempty proper compact weakly locally contractible subspace K⊆S3 and every commutative unital ring R there are isomorphisms H~i(S3∖K;R)≅H~2−i(K;R) (Alexander duality for compact locally contractible subsets of a sphere). Here L is weakly locally contractible: near each point L looks like an arc in S1, and every point of S1 has arbitrarily small arc neighbourhoods, which are contractible and lie in L.

[F6]

Literature input (finiteness). Every compact topological 3-manifold with boundary admits a finite triangulation (Moise’s theorem as stated in Aschenbrenner–Friedl–Wilton, Theorem 3.1, p. 211, under their compact-manifold convention; locator in the references), and a finite triangulation presents the manifold as a finite simplicial complex, hence as a finite CW complex (CW complex with closure finiteness and weak topology). We use this standard input as quoted: it is not proved in this item. The boundary case is included in the cited theorem. Consequently every compact smooth 3-manifold with boundary has the homotopy type of a finite CW complex.

[F7]

The covering-space classification requires the base to be nonempty, path-connected, locally path-connected and semilocally simply connected (Connected covering spaces are classified by conjugacy classes of fundamental-group subgroups).

Proof

1.1A1F1F2givenconstruct

The link exterior and its retraction. AC supplies the countable-choice hypothesis of [F2] by [A1]. Apply [F2] to each Ki. Equip its normal bundle with the metric induced by the standard metric on S3 (identify the quotient normal fibres with the orthogonal complements of the tangent lines). Compactness of the zero section and a finite bundle trivialization cover give a radius εi>0 whose closed fibre disks lie inside the tubular domain. Shrink these finitely many radii until their images Ni are pairwise disjoint; this is possible since the Ki are disjoint compact sets. Each Ni is a compact smooth disk bundle with smooth boundary, without needing a global product trivialization. Put N=⋃iNi and M0=S3∖int⁡N; local fibre-boundary charts show that M0 is a compact smooth 3-manifold with boundary ∂N. In normalized disk-bundle coordinates 0<∣v∣≤1 define Hu(x,v)=(x,((1−u)+u/∣v∣)v), for 0≤u≤1. Its radius is (1−u)∣v∣+u, so it stays in the punctured disk bundle, equals the identity at u=0, reaches the fibre boundary at u=1, and fixes that boundary at every u. This formula is independent of local trivializations and glues with the identity on M0. It is a strong deformation retraction XL→M0.

1.2F1F3given

Local structure. XL is the complement in the smooth 3-manifold S3 of the closed subset L, hence is an open subset of S3, and by [F3] it carries a canonical smooth structure making it a smooth 3-manifold without boundary. In particular every point of XL has a neighbourhood homeomorphic to an open subset of R3: such a set is locally path-connected, and an open Euclidean ball about a point is simply connected, so the point has arbitrarily small simply connected neighbourhoods. Hence XL is locally path-connected and semilocally simply connected, and it is nonempty because L≠S3 by [F1].

1.3A1F1F4F5

Connectedness. By [F5] applied to the ring R=Z and the compact weakly locally contractible set L⊂S3 (nonempty and proper by [F1]), H~0(XL;Z)≅H~2(L;Z). By [F4], L is a finite CW complex of dimension 1, so H2(L;Z)=0; therefore H~0(XL;Z)=0. The degree-zero homology theorem Zero-th singular homology is free on path components identifies this with the augmentation kernel of the free group on path components, so the nonempty XL has one path component and is connected.

2.1step 1.2step 1.3

Path-connectedness. A space that is connected and locally path-connected is path-connected: for x∈XL the set of points that can be joined to x by a path is open (local path-connectedness) and closed (its complement is also open), hence equals all of the connected space XL. Thus XL is path-connected.

2.2F6step 1.1

Finite CW type. By step 1.1, M0 is a compact smooth 3-manifold with boundary and XL≃M0. By the literature input [F6], M0 admits a finite triangulation, hence is homeomorphic to a finite simplicial complex, and a finite simplicial complex is a finite CW complex. Therefore M0, and with it XL, has the homotopy type of a finite CW complex.

3.1F7step 1.2step 2.1step 2.2∎

Conclusion. Steps 1.2 and 2.1 show that XL is nonempty, path-connected, locally path-connected and semilocally simply connected, so the hypotheses of the covering-space classification [F7] are satisfied; step 1.2 shows that XL is a smooth 3-manifold without boundary, and step 2.2 gives its finite CW homotopy type. This proves every assertion of the statement.

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