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The complement of an oriented link is a connected smooth three-manifold
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Choice. Let be an oriented link (a finite disjoint union of oriented smoothly embedded circles, Oriented links in the three-sphere and ambient isotopy) with components, and let . Then is a connected smooth -manifold without boundary, and in particular is path-connected, locally path-connected and semilocally simply connected; moreover has the homotopy type of a finite CW complex (CW complex with closure finiteness and weak topology). Consequently the covering-space classification (Connected covering spaces are classified by conjugacy classes of fundamental-group subgroups) applies to .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: AC and an oriented link with components, each the image of a smooth embedding of the standard circle.
The Axiom of Choice: every family of nonempty sets has a choice function (The Axiom of Choice). It supplies the AC hypotheses of [F4] and [F5], and implies countable choice for the tubular-neighbourhood theorem [F2] (AC implies DC implies countable choice).
Each is the image of a smooth embedding of , and the are pairwise disjoint, so is nonempty, compact, and a proper subset of (Oriented links in the three-sphere and ambient isotopy, Smooth embeddings).
Under every closed smooth embedded submanifold of a smooth manifold has a tubular neighbourhood, that is, a neighbourhood diffeomorphic to an open neighbourhood of the zero section of its normal bundle with the zero section carried to the submanifold (The tubular neighbourhood theorem in a smooth ambient manifold, Tubular neighbourhoods of embedded submanifolds).
An open subset of a smooth -manifold carries a canonical restricted smooth structure making it a smooth -manifold without boundary (An open subset of a smooth manifold has a canonical restricted smooth structure, Smooth manifolds and their smooth charts). A smooth manifold is locally Euclidean, Hausdorff and second countable (Topological manifolds with and without boundary).
Each circle carries its standard finite CW structures (one -cell and one -cell, or two of each); the disjoint union of the finitely many therefore carries the disjoint-union CW structure, in which the cells are the disjoint unions of the cells of the factors and the defining clauses of a CW complex (Hausdorff, closure finiteness, weak topology) are inherited (CW complex with closure finiteness and weak topology). Thus is a nonempty finite CW complex of dimension , and for every and every commutative ring (Cohomology of a finite CW complex vanishes above its dimension).
Alexander duality: for a nonempty proper compact weakly locally contractible subspace and every commutative unital ring there are isomorphisms (Alexander duality for compact locally contractible subsets of a sphere). Here is weakly locally contractible: near each point looks like an arc in , and every point of has arbitrarily small arc neighbourhoods, which are contractible and lie in .
Literature input (finiteness). Every compact topological -manifold with boundary admits a finite triangulation (Moise’s theorem as stated in Aschenbrenner–Friedl–Wilton, Theorem 3.1, p. 211, under their compact-manifold convention; locator in the references), and a finite triangulation presents the manifold as a finite simplicial complex, hence as a finite CW complex (CW complex with closure finiteness and weak topology). We use this standard input as quoted: it is not proved in this item. The boundary case is included in the cited theorem. Consequently every compact smooth -manifold with boundary has the homotopy type of a finite CW complex.
The covering-space classification requires the base to be nonempty, path-connected, locally path-connected and semilocally simply connected (Connected covering spaces are classified by conjugacy classes of fundamental-group subgroups).
Proof
The link exterior and its retraction. AC supplies the countable-choice hypothesis of [F2] by [A1]. Apply [F2] to each . Equip its normal bundle with the metric induced by the standard metric on (identify the quotient normal fibres with the orthogonal complements of the tangent lines). Compactness of the zero section and a finite bundle trivialization cover give a radius whose closed fibre disks lie inside the tubular domain. Shrink these finitely many radii until their images are pairwise disjoint; this is possible since the are disjoint compact sets. Each is a compact smooth disk bundle with smooth boundary, without needing a global product trivialization. Put and ; local fibre-boundary charts show that is a compact smooth -manifold with boundary . In normalized disk-bundle coordinates define , for . Its radius is , so it stays in the punctured disk bundle, equals the identity at , reaches the fibre boundary at , and fixes that boundary at every . This formula is independent of local trivializations and glues with the identity on . It is a strong deformation retraction .
Local structure. is the complement in the smooth -manifold of the closed subset , hence is an open subset of , and by [F3] it carries a canonical smooth structure making it a smooth -manifold without boundary. In particular every point of has a neighbourhood homeomorphic to an open subset of : such a set is locally path-connected, and an open Euclidean ball about a point is simply connected, so the point has arbitrarily small simply connected neighbourhoods. Hence is locally path-connected and semilocally simply connected, and it is nonempty because by [F1].
Connectedness. By [F5] applied to the ring and the compact weakly locally contractible set (nonempty and proper by [F1]), By [F4], is a finite CW complex of dimension , so ; therefore . The degree-zero homology theorem Zero-th singular homology is free on path components identifies this with the augmentation kernel of the free group on path components, so the nonempty has one path component and is connected.
Path-connectedness. A space that is connected and locally path-connected is path-connected: for the set of points that can be joined to by a path is open (local path-connectedness) and closed (its complement is also open), hence equals all of the connected space . Thus is path-connected.
Finite CW type. By step 1.1, is a compact smooth -manifold with boundary and . By the literature input [F6], admits a finite triangulation, hence is homeomorphic to a finite simplicial complex, and a finite simplicial complex is a finite CW complex. Therefore , and with it , has the homotopy type of a finite CW complex.
Conclusion. Steps 1.2 and 2.1 show that is nonempty, path-connected, locally path-connected and semilocally simply connected, so the hypotheses of the covering-space classification [F7] are satisfied; step 1.2 shows that is a smooth -manifold without boundary, and step 2.2 gives its finite CW homotopy type. This proves every assertion of the statement.
Depends on
- Oriented links in the three-sphere and ambient isotopy
- Smooth manifolds and their smooth charts
- Smooth embeddings
- Tubular neighbourhoods of embedded submanifolds
- The tubular neighbourhood theorem in a smooth ambient manifold
- Connected covering spaces are classified by conjugacy classes of fundamental-group subgroups
- CW complex with closure finiteness and weak topology
- Topological manifolds with and without boundary
- An open subset of a smooth manifold has a canonical restricted smooth structure
- Alexander duality for compact locally contractible subsets of a sphere
- Cohomology of a finite CW complex vanishes above its dimension
- The Axiom of Choice
- AC implies DC implies countable choice
- Zero-th singular homology is free on path components
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79 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Aschenbrenner, Friedl and Wilton, Decision problems for 3-manifolds and their fundamental groups, Theorem 3.1, printed p. 211; compact-manifold convention on p. 203, manifolds with boundary are included (standard reference, not scraped)
- E. E. Moise, Affine structures in 3-manifolds. V. The triangulation theorem and Hauptvermutung, Annals of Mathematics 56 (1952), 96-114; triangulation theorem for 3-manifolds (with boundary), finite when the manifold is compact (standard reference, not scraped)
- Allen Hatcher, Algebraic Topology, section 4G (Corollary 4G.3: a paracompact space with a cover whose finite intersections are contractible is homotopy equivalent to its nerve), printed pp. 458-460 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Allen Hatcher, Algebraic Topology, Chapter 3.A and section 3.1 (Alexander duality; the cohomology of a finite CW complex vanishes above its dimension) (standard reference, not scraped)