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The trefoil double branched cover is a lens space of order three
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Choice. Let be either oriented trefoil in . Its double branched cover is diffeomorphic, up to orientation reversal, to the lens space in the convention in which is the filling of the standard unknot exterior. In particular, is cyclic of order three.
Statement references
Facts & Assumptions
Given: AC and the closure of the two-strand braid , or , with the given knot orientation; the cover conventions of the statement. Circle coordinates below are taken modulo , and the page parameter modulo one.
Double branched cover of an oriented link and Existence and isotopy invariance of the double branched cover of a link give the meridian-character cover and its simple branched extension, and invariance under the chosen oriented link isotopies.
The double branched cover of the trivial two-arc tangle is a solid torus supplies the annular cover of the disk with two branch points and its product extension over an interval.
A two-strand half-twist lifts to an annular Dehn twist gives the unique boundary-fixed smooth mapping-class lift of a positive half-twist as the positive annular twist, with the inverse for its reverse. It includes the actual orientation/sign calculation.
Lens spaces in the filling orientation convention defines as the unknot-exterior filling with meridian slope .
Seifert–van Kampen identifies the fundamental group with a group pushout identifies the fundamental group of a two-solid-torus union as the pushout of its boundary inclusion maps. Thickening the two pieces by collars gives its required open connected cover.
Proof
The covered disk pages and their binding fillings. Use the standard disk open book of about the braid axis : its complement of a small axis neighborhood is , and the closed two-strand braid meets each disk in two points. This description is explicit in : the axis is and the page parameter is ; the disk page is parametrized by , with having the remaining modulus and chosen argument. Cut the page parameter at zero. The two moving points over the resulting interval are a braid isotopy of the twice-marked disk. Its double branched cover is the corresponding annular product by the same square-coordinate and sheet-gluing construction as [F2]. On gluing the ends, the annular monodromy is the boundary-fixed lift of the braid mapping class, hence by [F3]. There is no extra deck map: the page-parameter loop near the axis bounds a small meridian disk in its neighborhood disjoint from the branch link, and has trivial meridian character. Moreover the axis itself links the two-strand braid twice, so its mod-two character is zero as well. Thus the cover of its solid-torus neighborhood consists of two ordinary copies, one for each annular boundary. In each copy the meridian is the loop at a fixed boundary-page point. Consequently the whole branched cover is exactly the annular mapping torus with both boundary tori filled along these page-parameter meridians. The local branched models retain the smooth structures.
Untwist the mapping torus, retaining both meridians. Write , with a positive twist , where near and near . The mapping torus has the equivalence . The function is well-defined across that equivalence and gives an actual diffeomorphism of the mapping torus with . Its inverse on the cut parameter interval is , with the same endpoint compatibility. At the lower boundary the filling meridian has class in the basis. At the upper boundary the corresponding meridian has class . This computes their actual slopes, not only their intersection number.
The two solid tori. Split the product at any fixed interior . Fill its lower end along . This caps the circle in the annulus by a disk, so that piece is the solid torus . Its meridian on the common torus is and its core longitude is . The upper filled piece is also a solid torus: the integral shear extends over its whole product collar, is single-valued because is an integer, and takes its filling slope to . After that shear it is the same disk-capped product as the lower piece. Before undoing the shear, its meridian on the common torus is precisely . Hence this is a genus-one gluing with that meridian slope.
Identify the fixed unknot peripheral basis. Identify with the standard unknot exterior, using the same decomposition: for a small standard axis neighborhood . On its boundary the unknot meridian is the circle, which generates the core circle of , and the preferred longitude is the circle, which bounds its meridian disk. Thus take , by an actual product-coordinate identification. Up to the global orientation choice allowed in the statement, the other solid torus is attached with meridian . For this is exactly [F4]. For , the reflection reverses the orientation of , preserves the unknot, and sends to and to . It carries the slope to and extends over the filled solid torus by the same meridian identification. Hence the other handedness has the same description up to orientation reversal. Reversing the orientation of the branch knot does not change its mod-two meridian character.
In the group is generated by and is trivial, by its product coordinates. Gluing the second solid torus kills the slope . By [F5] there are no further relations: a primitive complementary boundary longitude identifies the core generator of the attached solid torus with the corresponding word in the exterior generator, so that generator is eliminated from the pushout presentation. The group is therefore , cyclic of order . All new coordinate and slope calculations were finite; the only inherited choice use is the already declared cover and peripheral-convention branch. This proves both assertions for either oriented trefoil without replacing a meridian-slope calculation by the determinant alone.
Depends on
- The Axiom of Choice
- Double branched cover of an oriented link
- Existence and isotopy invariance of the double branched cover of a link
- The double branched cover of the trivial two-arc tangle is a solid torus
- A two-strand half-twist lifts to an annular Dehn twist
- Lens spaces in the $p/q$ filling orientation convention
- Seifert–van Kampen identifies the fundamental group with a group pushout
Used by
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Sources
- Ozsváth and Szabó, On the Heegaard Floer homology of branched double-covers, §3 (standard reference, not scraped)