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PropositionStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedaudited 2026-09-22
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The Euler class of an oriented odd-rank bundle is two-torsion

Statement

Assume AC. Let (E,o)B be an integrally oriented numerable real vector bundle of odd rank n1 over a base in the scope of the general Thom theorem. Then 2e(E,o)=0in Hn(B;Z). No unconditional vanishing of e(E,o) is asserted, and no homotopy of fiberwise 1 to the identity is used or claimed.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: AC, an integrally oriented numerable real rank-n bundle (E,o)B with n odd and n1, over a base in the general Thom scope.

[F1]

An orientation of E is a section of its orientation cover, and a fiberwise invertible bundle map is orientation-preserving when it carries the selected orientation to the selected orientation. In an oriented local frame this is equivalent to having positive determinant; consequently id acts on the two orientations of a positive-rank fiber by the sign (1)r in rank r (Oriented real bundles and oriented frame bundles).

[F2]

The Euler class is natural for orientation-preserving pullbacks and isomorphism squares, and reversing an integral orientation negates it: e(fE)=fe(E) for orientation-preserving f, and e(E,o)=e(E,o) (Naturality, orientation sign, and Whitney product for Euler classes, Euler class by zero-section pullback of the Thom class).

[A1]

AC is the Axiom of Choice in the form fixed by The Axiom of Choice.

Proof

1.1

The map φ=idE:EE, fiberwise multiplication by 1, is a bundle isomorphism over idB. In any oriented local frame its matrix is In, whose determinant has sign (1)n=1. By the orientation-cover action in [F1], φ therefore exchanges the two fiber orientations and carries the section o to the opposite section o. Thus it is an orientation-preserving bundle isomorphism from the oriented bundle (E,o) to the differently oriented bundle (E,o) over the identity.

F1
1.2

The orientation-sign law gives e(E,o)=e(E,o), by the reversal clause of [F2] applied to the same underlying bundle with its two orientations.

F2
2.1

Oriented naturality gives e(E,o)=e(E,o). Applying the naturality clause of [F2] to the isomorphism φ over the identity base map, the class of the source and the class of the target agree, which is the displayed identity and uses only that φ is orientation-preserving.

F2step 1.1
3.1

Combining gives e(E,o)=e(E,o)=e(E,o), hence 2e(E,o)=0 in the abelian group Hn(B;Z). No assertion that φ is homotopic to the identity is made: the argument compares two orientations of one bundle through an orientation-preserving isomorphism, exactly as displayed.

step 2.1step 1.2algebra
4.1

Boundary cases. Rank one is included directly in steps 1.1--3.1, so no separate triviality or section claim is needed. Rank zero is excluded: det(I0)=1, so the map does not carry an orientation to its negative. Even positive rank is excluded for the same determinant-sign reason: there id is orientation-preserving on (E,o) itself, so the argument gives no two-torsion conclusion. Over the empty base the group is zero and the identity is vacuous. The only choice principle used is the Thom-theoretic AC of [F2].

F2A1step 3.1

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