How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
Euler class by zero-section pullback of the Thom class
Definition
Assume the Axiom of Choice exactly as in the general Thom theorem, and let be an -oriented numerable real rank- vector bundle over a base in the scope of that theorem. Let be its normalized Thom class, let be the relative-to-absolute map of the pair sequence, and let be the zero section. The Euler class of is This is the class already introduced in Thom-defined Euler class of an oriented vector bundle: on this page we write for it, and the shorthand always means the composite , the relative-to-absolute map being understood. For rank zero with supplied orientation , normalization gives and and are identities, so In particular, the standard unit orientation gives . For every real bundle is canonically -oriented by R-oriented vector bundle and orientation local system, so in that case is defined for every real bundle in the Thom scope; for the class depends on the chosen integral orientation, and reversing the orientation negates it.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: AC, a commutative ring , a base in the scope of the general Thom theorem, and an -oriented numerable rank- real bundle with normalized Thom class .
The Thom-defined Euler class of an oriented bundle is , where is relative-to-absolute and is the zero section; it is natural for orientation-preserving pullbacks and is negated by reversing an integral orientation. In rank zero it equals the supplied orientation , and hence equals for the standard unit orientation (Thom-defined Euler class of an oriented vector bundle).
A normalized Thom class is defined by fiberwise normalization: restricting it to each fiber disk pair gives the chosen orientation class (Thom class by fiberwise normalization).
For the orientation local system has a unique nonzero generator in each stalk and every transition automorphism fixes it, so every real bundle is canonically mod-two oriented (R-oriented vector bundle and orientation local system).
AC is the Axiom of Choice in the form fixed by The Axiom of Choice, used only as the general Thom theorem uses it.
Verification
The definition is the published one. The composite has the same domain, the same maps and the same normalization data as the class of [F1]: the pair , the relative-to-absolute map , the zero section , and the normalized Thom class of [F2]. Thus is not a second Euler construction but the same class, and every property recorded in [F1] — naturality for orientation-preserving pullbacks, the sign under orientation reversal, and the orientation-dependent rank-zero value — applies to it verbatim. In particular the shorthand in the statement means and never the pullback of an absolute class along the zero section alone.
Coefficient and rank conventions. For , [F3] supplies the canonical orientation, so is defined for every real bundle in the Thom scope and, in characteristic two, reversing the orientation does not change the class. For the class depends on the supplied integral orientation and changes sign when that orientation is reversed. In rank zero, , , and and are the identity maps. Fiberwise normalization [F2] says that restricts to the supplied orientation on every point, hence and the composite is ; it is only for the standard unit orientation. Over the empty base there is exactly one class, the zero class, and over the zero ring the unit and the zero class coincide. These conventions agree with the corresponding clauses of [F1].
Depends on
Used by
- A nowhere-zero section forces the Euler data to vanish Corollary
- The diagonal self-intersection is the Euler number of the tangent bundle Corollary
- The Euler number of the tangent bundle is the Euler characteristic Corollary
- Top normal classes vanish for Euclidean embeddings Corollary
- An embedded sphere with nontrivial normal bundle is not valid framed surgery data Counterexample
- An odd-rank Euler class need not vanish in the presence of two-torsion Counterexample
- Zero Euler class does not in general imply a nowhere-zero section Counterexample
- Complex projective bundle and tautological complex line Definition
- Chern class of tautological and hyperplane lines on complex projective space Example
- Euler class of the universal oriented two-plane Example
- Euler class of zero and trivial positive-rank bundles Example
- Flat connections and real characteristic classes Example
- The normal line of an oriented hypersurface is trivial Example
- Zero-section pullback is the Euler class Example
- Cohomology ring of infinite complex projective space Lemma
- Complex-oriented diagonal Thom classes realize exceptional exchange on supports Lemma
- Euler number of a clutched bundle as the clutching degree Lemma
- First Chern form agrees with the topological line class Lemma
- Oriented real two-plane splitting with real-cohomology injection Lemma
- Pullback of the Thom class along a transverse section computes the Euler class Lemma
- Relative Pontryagin square of the Milnor disk bundle Lemma
- Spin structures exist exactly when w₂ vanishes and then form an H¹ torsor Lemma
- The complex orientation of the underlying real bundle Lemma
- The L-polynomials are well defined and form a multiplicative, natural and stable sequence Lemma
- The tangent bundle of complex projective space and its Pontryagin classes Lemma
- The Thom class of a disk bundle pairs with the base generator to one Lemma
- The total L-class of complex projective space is a power of x/tanh x Lemma
- The zero section proves injectivity of the Thom unit orbit Lemma
- A nowhere-zero section forces the Euler class to vanish Proposition
- The Euler class of an oriented even-rank normal bundle controls self-intersection Proposition
- The Euler class of an oriented odd-rank bundle is two-torsion Proposition
- The mod two self-intersection is the top Stiefel-Whitney evaluation Proposition
- The zero locus of a transverse section represents the Euler dual Proposition
- The characteristic-class construction is cited, not rebuilt Remark
- The Euler class construction remains owned by algebraic topology Remark
- Characteristic forms represent topological characteristic classes over the reals Theorem
- Integral complex projective bundle theorem Theorem
- Naturality, orientation sign, and Whitney product for Euler classes Theorem
- Rational cohomology of BO and BSO by Pontryagin and Euler classes Theorem
- The mod-two Euler class is the top Stiefel–Whitney class Theorem
…and 2 more results.
Dependency tree · two levels
12 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Allen Hatcher, Vector Bundles & K-Theory (standard reference, not scraped)
- Haynes Miller, MIT 18.906 Algebraic Topology II lecture notes (standard reference, not scraped)
- Milnor and Stasheff, Characteristic Classes (standard reference, not scraped)