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A Bernstein set has inner measure , and in every nondegenerate interval its intersection has full outer measure
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice. Let be a Bernstein set.
- .
- For every nondegenerate bounded interval ,
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The Axiom of Countable Choice and a Bernstein set .
Every compact subset of a Bernstein set is countable (Every compact subset of a Bernstein set is countable).
Every at most countable subset of has measure zero (Every at most countable subset of has measure zero).
Assuming countable choice, every interval with any endpoint convention is Lebesgue measurable with its usual length (A box in with parameters is Lebesgue measurable of measure , whichever of its faces are included).
Every open subset of is a countable disjoint union of open intervals (Every open subset of is a countable disjoint union of open intervals, namely its order components).
Every nonempty open subset of is uncountable (Both and are dense in , and every nonempty open subset of is uncountable).
A perfect subset of is closed and has no isolated points (Perfect subset of : closed with no isolated points).
Proof
Every compact subset of is countable by [L1], hence has Lebesgue measure by [L2]. Since is attained by the compact set , the supremum in [F1] is exactly . Therefore .
Let be a nondegenerate bounded interval, and assume . Choose a closed nondegenerate interval with ; this is possible by moving any omitted endpoints inward by a sufficiently small amount. By [L3] choose an open set with . Then is closed in , satisfies , and is measurable. Because is measurable and contained in , [L4] gives In particular is uncountable by [L2]. The closed uncountable set has a nonempty perfect subset: its set of condensation points is closed, nonempty, and has no isolated points by the argument of Every compact subset of a Bernstein set is countable. That perfect subset lies inside , contradicting the Bernstein property. Therefore .
Step 1.1 is claim 1, and step 1.2 is claim 2.
Depends on
- Every compact subset of a Bernstein set is countable
- Bernstein subset of $\mathbb{R}$
- Lebesgue inner measure on the real line
- Every at most countable subset of $\mathbb{R}$ has measure zero
- Assuming countable choice, the Lebesgue outer measure of an arbitrary subset of $\mathbb{R}^n$ is the infimum of the measures of the open sets containing it
- A box in $\mathbb{R}^n$ with parameters $a_i\le b_i$ is Lebesgue measurable of measure $\prod_{i<n}(b_i-a_i)$, whichever of its faces are included
- Every open subset of $\mathbb{R}$ is a countable disjoint union of open intervals, namely its order components
- Both $\mathbb{Q}$ and $\mathbb{R} \setminus \mathbb{Q}$ are dense in $\mathbb{R}$, and every nonempty open subset of $\mathbb{R}$ is uncountable
- Perfect subset of $\mathbb{R}$: closed with no isolated points
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
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Sources
- Jacek Cichoń, Aleksander Kharazishvili, and Bogdan Węglorz, Subsets of the Real Line, Chapter 8 (standard reference, not scraped)