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A family into a parametrised end is natural, or dinatural, in the parameter exactly when its composite with the counit is

Statement

Let T:P×Cop×CD be a functor with a chosen parametrised end (Ends and coends with parameters), with counit components ωcp:E(p)T(p,c,c) and carrying the functor structure E:PD of A chosen family of ends is the object part of exactly one functor making the counit natural in the parameters.

Natural clause. Let X:PD be a functor and let ϕp:X(p)E(p) be a family indexed by the objects of P. Then a family into a parametrised end is natural in the parameter exactly when its composite with the counit is: ϕ is a natural transformation XE (Natural transformation and its components) if and only if, for every object c of C, the family ωcpϕp:X(p)T(p,c,c) is natural in p.

Dinatural clause. Suppose instead the parameter category is P=Qop×Q (Opposite category Cop, Product category and its projection functors), let Y be an object of D, and let ψq:YE(q,q) be a family indexed by the objects of Q. Then ψ is a wedge from Y to E (Wedges and cowedges, and the categories they form) if and only if, for every object c of C, the family ωc(q,q)ψq:YT(q,q,c,c) is a wedge from Y to T(,,c,c).

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A functor T on P×Cop×C with a chosen parametrised end and its functor structure E; for the natural clause a functor X:PD and a family ϕp:X(p)E(p); for the dinatural clause a parameter category of the form Qop×Q, an object Y and a family ψq:YE(q,q).

[F1]

An end of T is a terminal object of the category of wedges over T and a coend an initial object of the category of cowedges under T; in short, an end is a terminal wedge and a coend an initial cowedge, so a wedge factors through a terminal one by exactly one morphism (The end and the coend of a functor Cop×CD).

[F2]

A wedge from d to T is a dinatural transformation from a constant functor to T: a family ωc:dT(c,c) with T(1c,f)ωc=T(f,1c)ωc; precomposing a wedge with a morphism of the vertex again gives a wedge (Wedges and cowedges, and the categories they form).

[F4]

A parametrised end of T is a choice, for every object p of the parameter category, of an end taken in the two dinatural variables with the remaining variables held fixed (Ends and coends with parameters).

[L1]

A chosen parametrised end carries exactly one functor structure making every counit component natural in the parameter, characterised by ωcpE(u)=T(u,1c,1c)ωcp (A chosen family of ends is the object part of exactly one functor making the counit natural in the parameters).

[F3]

A natural transformation α:FG is a family αA:FAGA such that every f:AB satisfies the naturality equation GfαA=αBFf (Natural transformation and its components).

[F5]

A morphism (q,q)(q,q) of Qop×Q is a pair whose first coordinate is a morphism of Qop and whose second is a morphism of Q, with componentwise composition (f,g)(f,g)=(ff,gg) (Product category and its projection functors).

[F6]

The opposite category has the same objects and reverses every morphism: Cop(A,B)=C(B,A) (Opposite category Cop).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

Fix u:pp and an object c of C. The two morphisms X(p)E(p) at issue for the natural clause are ϕpX(u) and E(u)ϕp, and their composites with ωcp are (ωcpϕp)X(u) and, by the defining equation of [L1], T(u,1c,1c)(ωcpϕp). Two morphisms ZE(p) whose composites with ωcp agree for every c are equal, because the common composite family is the terminal wedge precomposed with a morphism, hence a wedge, and it has exactly one factorisation through E(p).

F1F2F4L1
2.1

For the forward direction of the natural clause, suppose ϕ is natural in p. Then for every c the family ωcϕ is the composite of the natural family ϕ with the family ωc, which is natural by [L1]; a composite of two natural families is natural by the naturality equation of [F3] applied twice, so ωcϕ is natural in p.

F3L1step 1.1
2.2

For the converse direction of the natural clause, suppose every ωcϕ is natural in p. Its naturality equation at u reads T(u,1c,1c)(ωcpϕp)=(ωcpϕp)X(u), so by step 1.1 the morphisms ϕpX(u) and E(u)ϕp have the same composite with ωcp for every c and are therefore equal. Since u was arbitrary, ϕ is natural in the parameter.

F1F3L1step 1.1
3.1

For the dinatural clause, fix u:qq in Q. The wedge equation for ψ at u is E(1q,u)ψq=E(u,1q)ψq, an equation between morphisms YE(q,q), where (1q,u) and (u,1q) are the two morphisms of Qop×Q that the wedge equation names. Composing with ωc(q,q) and applying the defining equation of [L1] at each of them turns the two sides into T(1q,u,1c,1c)(ωc(q,q)ψq) and T(u,1q,1c,1c)(ωc(q,q)ψq), whose equality for every u is exactly the wedge equation for the family ωc(,)ψ over T(,,c,c). So the wedge equation for ψ implies the one downstairs by composition, and conversely if it holds downstairs for every c then the two morphisms of the wedge equation for ψ agree after composition with every ωc(q,q), hence are equal by step 1.1.

F1F2F5F6L1step 2.2

Remarks

Only the converse directions have content, and what they spend is the uniqueness half of the end's universal property rather than its existence half: two morphisms into an end that agree after composition with every counit component are equal. The forward directions are composition, and would hold for any chosen family of objects with a counit natural in the parameter.

The dinatural clause is the step that the Fubini theorem spends. There the parameter is itself the pair of variables in which the outer end is taken, so what has to be transported across the two orders of integration is the wedge condition in that parameter rather than naturality.

Depends on

Used by

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Sources