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A homomorphism from a connected Lie group is determined by its differential at the identity

Statement

Assume ACω. Let G and H be finite-dimensional real Lie groups, with G connected. If two Lie-group homomorphisms F1,F2:GH satisfy

d(F1)e=d(F2)e:TeGTeH,

then F1=F2. The countable-choice assumption is inherited exactly from the supplied exponential-map results.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: ACω, finite-dimensional real Lie groups G,H with G connected, and Lie-group homomorphisms F1,F2:GH with equal differentials at the identity eG.

[F1]

ACω is countable choice. The Axiom of Countable Choice (ACω).

[F2]

A Lie-group homomorphism intertwines exponential maps: F(expGX)=expH(dFeX). Exponential map is natural for Lie-group homomorphisms.

[F3]

There are open neighborhoods VTeG of 0 and UG of e such that expGV:VU is a diffeomorphism. The exponential map is a local diffeomorphism at zero.

[F4]

A Lie-group homomorphism is smooth, preserves products, identities, and inverses. Lie-group homomorphism, isomorphism, and automorphism.

[F5]

A connected topological space has no partition into two nonempty clopen subsets. Separation of a topological space, connected and disconnected spaces, clopen sets, and connected subsets.

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

Fix the neighborhoods V,U supplied by [F3]. If gU, then g=expGX for a unique XV. By [F2] and the hypothesis on the differentials, F1(g)=expH(d(F1)eX)=expH(d(F2)eX)=F2(g). Thus F1 and F2 agree on the open identity neighborhood U.

F2F3
2.1

Let K={gG:F1(g)=F2(g)}. The identity belongs to K. If g,hK, then [F4] gives F1(gh)=F1(g)F1(h)=F2(g)F2(h)=F2(gh), and similarly F1(g1)=F1(g)1=F2(g)1=F2(g1). Hence K is a subgroup of G, and step 1.1 gives UK.

F4step 1.1
3.1

For each kK, the translate kU is open and is contained in K; conversely every kK belongs to kU because eU. Therefore K=kKkU is open. Every left coset gK is then open as well. If gK, the coset gK is disjoint from K: an element xgKK would imply g=xk1K. Hence GK=gKgK is open, so K is also closed.

F4step 2.1
4.1

The set K is nonempty because it contains e. If its complement were nonempty, step 3.1 would partition G into the two nonempty clopen sets K and GK, contradicting connectedness by [F5]. Thus K=G, which means F1=F2.

F5step 2.1step 3.1
5.1

Lie groups are nonempty and boundaryless. In dimension zero a connected Lie group is a one-point discrete space, so the conclusion also follows directly; dimension one requires no change. There is no metric, degeneracy, or endpoint issue. The only choice use is the stated ACω inherited through [F2] and [F3]. Fixing one supplied neighborhood pair and forming unions over already specified sets select no family of witnesses. No biconditional is asserted.

F1F2F3F4F5step 1.1step 2.1step 3.1step 4.1

Depends on

Used by

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Sources