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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-generatedprecheck passaudited 2026-09-12
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BPP amplification to exponentially small error

Statement

If L∈BPP and r is a positive polynomial, then L has a probabilistic polynomial-time decider whose error on length-n inputs is at most 2−r(n).

Facts & Assumptions

Given: a language L∈BPP and a positive polynomial r.

[L1]

A BPP machine is correct with probability at least 2/3 on every input (The classes RP, coRP, ZPP, BPP, and PP).

[L2]

If S is the sum of independent Bernoulli(p) trials and 0<α<1, then P(S≤(1−α)pk)≤exp⁡(−α2pk/2) (A Chernoff bound for sums of independent Bernoulli trials).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1L1givenconstruct

Let M be a BPP machine for L. On input x, run M independently k times and output the majority answer. For the correctness indicators X1,…,Xk, [L1] gives a Bernoulli parameter px≥2/3.

2.1L1L2step 1.1algebra

If the majority vote is wrong, then X1+⋯+Xk≤k/2≤(3/4)pxk because px≥2/3. Thus the bad event is contained in the lower-tail event from [L2] with α=1/4, and therefore P(majority is wrong on x)≤exp⁡(−(1/4)2pxk/2)≤exp⁡(−k/48).

3.1step 2.1choosealgebra∎

Choose k to be a sufficiently large multiple of r(∣x∣), for example k=⌈48(log⁡2) r(∣x∣)⌉. Then step 2.1 gives error at most 2−r(∣x∣). Since k is polynomial in ∣x∣, the amplified machine is still probabilistic polynomial-time.

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

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Sources