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Coadjoint orbits are symplectic manifolds

Statement

Assume ACω. Let O⊆g∗ be a coadjoint orbit with its canonical immersed homogeneous-space structure and let ω be the KKS form of The Kirillov--Kostant--Souriau form on a coadjoint orbit. Then ω is a smooth, closed, nondegenerate two-form on O, so (O,ω) is a symplectic manifold. It is G-invariant, and the inclusion Φ:O↪g∗ satisfies the component moment equations d⟨Φ,ξ⟩=−ιξOω for the coadjoint action. It is the unique two-form on O for which the inclusion is an infinitesimal moment map, hence in particular the unique G-invariant symplectic form with that property.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: ACω, a coadjoint orbit O with its canonical structure, and the KKS form ω.

[A1]

ACω is countable choice; it is used only through the orbit and fundamental-field suppliers cited below.

[F1]

The KKS form is defined by ωβ(ξO(β),ηO(β))=β([ξ,η]) and is independent of representatives. The Kirillov--Kostant--Souriau form on a coadjoint orbit, The KKS formula is independent of the Lie-algebra representatives.

[F2]

The infinitesimal orbit map ξ↦ξO(β) has image all of TβO and kernel gβ, and ξO is smooth. Kernel of the infinitesimal orbit map, Every orbit is an injectively immersed homogeneous space.

[F3]

The fundamental field of the coadjoint action satisfies ξg∗(β)(η)=β([ξ,η]). The coadjoint representation, action and orbits.

[F4]

Fundamental fields are equivariant: d(ah)βξO(β)=(Ad⁡hξ)O(h⋅β), and Ad⁡h=d(Ch)e preserves brackets because the differential of a Lie-group homomorphism is a Lie-algebra homomorphism. Adjoint intertwines the exponential map, Adjoint is a smooth Lie-group representation, Differential of a Lie-group homomorphism is a Lie-algebra homomorphism, Fundamental vector fields for a left action.

[F5]

Cartan's magic formula LXω=d(ιXω)+ιX(dω) holds, and LXω=0 whenever the flow of X preserves ω. Cartan's magic formula, A tensor field is flow-invariant exactly when its Lie derivative vanishes.

[F6]

The inclusion Φ(β)=β is smooth, and its components Φξ(β)=⟨β,ξ⟩ are linear on the vector space g∗, so dΦβξ(v)=v(ξ) for v∈Tβg∗≃g∗. Every orbit is an injectively immersed homogeneous space.

Proof

technique · direct
1.1F1F2given

By [F1] the KKS prescription gives, at every β∈O, an alternating bilinear form on TβO, because the bracket is bilinear and alternating.

2.1step 1.1F2F3

Smoothness: fix β0∈O and, using [F2], choose finitely many ξ1,…,ξk∈g whose fields ξiO(β0) form a basis of Tβ0O. By continuity the same fields are linearly independent on a neighbourhood U of β0, and they are smooth by [F2], so they form a smooth frame of TO∣U. On U the frame values ω(ξiO,ξjO)=Φ[ξi,ξj] are smooth functions, and expanding two smooth fields in the frame with smooth coefficients shows that ω is smooth on U; such neighbourhoods cover O.

2.2step 1.1F2F3

Nondegeneracy: let β∈O and suppose ωβ(ξO(β),ηO(β))=0 for all η∈g. Then β([ξ,η])=0 for all η, so ξg∗(β)=0 by [F3], so ξ∈gβ and ξO(β)=0 by [F2]. Hence the radical of ωβ is zero.

2.3step 1.1F1F3F4

G-invariance: for h∈G and β∈O, step 1.1 and [F4] give ωh⋅β(d(ah)βξO(β),d(ah)βηO(β))=ωh⋅β((Ad⁡hξ)O(h⋅β),(Ad⁡hη)O(h⋅β))=(h⋅β)([Ad⁡hξ,Ad⁡hη])=β([ξ,η])=ωβ(ξO(β),ηO(β)).

2.4step 1.1F2F3F6

The inclusion satisfies the moment equation: for ζ∈g and β∈O, [F6] and [F3] give dΦβζ(ηO(β))=ηO(β)(ζ)=β([η,ζ])=−β([ζ,η])=−ωβ(ζO(β),ηO(β)). Since the vectors ηO(β) span TβO by [F2], this is exactly ιζOω=−dΦζ.

3.1step 2.3step 2.4F2F5

Closedness: the flow of ξO is the action of the one-parameter group exp⁡G(−tξ), which preserves ω by step 2.3, so LξOω=0 by [F5]. By step 2.4 the one-form ιξOω=−dΦξ is exact, hence closed. Cartan's formula [F5] gives ιξOdω=LξOω−dιξOω=0; since the fields ξO span each tangent space by [F2], dω=0.

4.1step 2.4F2F3F6A1∎

Uniqueness: let ω′ be any two-form on O for which the inclusion satisfies the same component moment equations. Then for all β,ξ,η, ωβ′(ξO(β),ηO(β))=−ωβ′(ηO(β),ξO(β))=dΦβη(ξO(β))=ξO(β)(η)=β([ξ,η])=ωβ(ξO(β),ηO(β)), and the fundamental fields span each tangent space by [F2], so ω′=ω.

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