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TheoremStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-10
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Every smooth manifold admits a riemannian metric

Statement

Under countable choice, every smooth manifold, also with boundary, admits a Riemannian metric.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A smooth manifold M and countable choice.

[F1]

Riemannian metric and riemannian manifold: A Riemannian metric on a Hausdorff second-countable smooth manifold M is a smooth symmetric covariant two-tensor g such that gp(v,v)>0 for every point p and every nonzero vTpM. A Riemannian manifold is the pair (M,g). This is a def-smooth-tensor-field giving a def-smooth-bundle-metric on TM. Dimension zero is allowed: its zero bilinear form is positive definite because there are no nonzero vectors. The empty manifold has its unique empty metric. Boundaries are allowed where stated, with smoothness understood up to the boundary.

[F2]

Every smooth vector bundle admits a smooth bundle metric: Every smooth vector bundle admits a smooth bundle metric.

[F3]

The Axiom of Countable Choice (ACω): The Axiom of Countable Choice, written ACω, is the following statement. > For every family (Xn)nN of nonempty sets indexed by > N there is a function f with domain N such that > f(n)Xn for every nN. Equivalently, in the vocabulary of def-choice-function: every at most countable family of nonempty sets (def-countable) has a choice function.

[F4]

Tangent and cotangent bundles extend over a boundary: For a smooth n-manifold with boundary, derivations of smooth boundary germs form an n-dimensional tangent space at every point, and the usual tangent and cotangent bundles have smooth boundary-chart transition maps.

[F5]

Smooth partitions of unity exist on manifolds with boundary: Assume ACω. Every open cover of a smooth manifold with boundary admits a smooth partition of unity subordinate to it.

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

Apply the bundle-metric construction to TM; in the boundary case the boundary tangent theorem supplies its smooth rank-n bundle. The needed chart selections can be made countably: form all nested relatively compact chart/frame tuples (half-balls at boundary), fix a countable basis, and use countable choice to select one eligible tuple over each basis member contained in such a chart. Their domains cover M.

F2F3F4given
2.1

In that countable cover, finite unions of compact closures exhaust M; choose least increasing indices putting each union in the interior of the next. Each compact annulus has a nonempty set of finite nested covering lists whose outer closures lie in a labelled trivialization and the adjacent open annular band. Countable choice selects these lists and then the corresponding compact-set bumps. The bands make the outer sets locally finite. Dividing the bump family by its positive smooth sum gives weights ρi summing to one with closed supports inside their labelled charts. The boundary partition construction uses the same argument with restricted half-space bumps. Thus the bundle-metric supplier’s selections need only the assumed countable choice.

F2F3F5step 1.1
3.1

On chart i take the Euclidean frame metric gi and extend ρigi by zero; this is smooth because its support is closed inside the chart. The locally finite sum g=iρigi is smooth and symmetric. For v0 at p, each term is nonnegative and some ρi(p)>0, whence gp(v,v)ρi(p)(gi)p(v,v)>0. Thus g is Riemannian. Empty M uses the empty metric; rank zero uses the zero fibre form.

F1step 2.1

Source locator

Lee, Introduction to Smooth Manifolds, 2nd ed., Chapter 13, pp.328–332 and 341–342.

Depends on

Used by

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Sources