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Uniform deviation bound for a finite unit-range class
Statement
Let , let be IID observations with law , and let be a finite nonempty class of measurable functions . For every ,
Here and . The proof uses only scalar exponential moments and finite independence; it does not assume the Axiom of Choice.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: IID observations, a finite nonempty measurable -valued class, , and .
IID means independent and identically distributed (Identical distribution and IID families); independence of random elements is defined through their generated sigma-algebras (Independent random elements).
Measurable functions of independent random elements remain independent (Measurable coordinatewise functions preserve independence).
If has law , then for integrable (Law or distribution of a random element, Change of variables for expectation).
If almost surely, then for all real (The Hoeffding MGF bound for a variable in a unit interval).
For independent real random variables and Borel maps , the expectation of a finite product of the nonnegative variables factors into the product of expectations; also, (Expectations factor over finite products of independent random variables, The exponential addition formula ).
For nonnegative and , (Markov's inequality for random variables).
A finite union of events has probability at most the sum of their probabilities (Basic identities for a probability measure).
For , the translation is Borel measurable because its strict upper threshold set at is . For , the map is Borel measurable: its upper threshold set is for ; for it is if and , empty if and , if , and if . These formulas use , positivity, strict increase, and the inverse relation of and . Borel maps preserve measurability under composition, and finite arithmetic and lattice operations preserve measurability (The exponential is positive and satisfies , The natural logarithm as the inverse of the exponential function, The real exponential function and the number by a power series, Composition with a Borel measurable outer map preserves measurability, The exponential function is strictly increasing, Threshold characterisations of real-valued and extended-real-valued measurability, Arithmetic and lattice operations preserve measurability whenever they are defined).
Proof
Given: IID observations, a finite nonempty measurable -valued class, , and .
Fix and put . By [F2]–[F3], the are measurable independent real random variables. By [F4], . The translation in [F9] is Borel measurable, so applying [F3] to shows that the are measurable, independent, and centered. Also almost surely.
For every , apply [F5] to , whose range is , to obtain . By [F9], is Borel measurable, so applying [F3] to the independent shows that are measurable and independent. Their expectations are finite by the displayed bound. The exponential addition formula and the nonnegative product case of [F6] now give The sum in the left exponential is measurable by [F9]'s arithmetic-measurability clause and composition clause.
For , [F7] and step 2.1 give . Setting gives .
Applying step 3.1's Markov argument to uses the bound from step 2.1 at (obtained by applying [F5] to each ) and gives . The finite union bound [F8] therefore gives .
The event in the statement is the union over the finite class of the events in step 4.1. A second application of [F8] gives the stated factor .
Depends on
- The exponential is positive and satisfies $\exp(-x)=1/\exp(x)$
- Markov's inequality for random variables
- The natural logarithm as the inverse of the exponential function
- Empirical, centered, and Rademacher processes
- Identical distribution and IID families
- Independent random elements
- Law or distribution of a random element
- The real exponential function and the number $e$ by a power series
- The Hoeffding MGF bound for a variable in a unit interval
- Measurable coordinatewise functions preserve independence
- Basic identities for a probability measure
- Composition with a Borel measurable outer map preserves measurability
- Arithmetic and lattice operations preserve measurability whenever they are defined
- Change of variables for expectation
- The exponential addition formula $\exp(x+y)=\exp(x)\exp(y)$
- The exponential function is strictly increasing
- Expectations factor over finite products of independent random variables
- Threshold characterisations of real-valued and extended-real-valued measurability
Used by
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Sources
- Philippe Rigollet and Jan-Christian Hütter, High-Dimensional Statistics: Lecture Notes, Chapter 1 (standard reference, not scraped)
- John Duchi, Lecture Notes on Statistics and Information Theory, Chapter 4 (standard reference, not scraped)