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Uniform deviation bound for a finite unit-range class

Statement

Let n≥1, let Z1,…,Zn be IID observations with law P, and let F be a finite nonempty class of measurable functions f:X→[0,1]. For every ϵ>0,

P(sup⁡f∈F∣Pnf−Pf∣≥ϵ)≤2∣F∣e−2nϵ2.

Here Pnf=n−1∑if(Zi) and Pf=∫f dP. The proof uses only scalar exponential moments and finite independence; it does not assume the Axiom of Choice.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: IID observations, a finite nonempty measurable [0,1]-valued class, n≥1, and ϵ>0.

[F1]

Pnf=n−1∑if(Zi) and Pf=∫f dP (Empirical, centered, and Rademacher processes).

[F2]

IID means independent and identically distributed (Identical distribution and IID families); independence of random elements is defined through their generated sigma-algebras (Independent random elements).

[F3]

Measurable functions of independent random elements remain independent (Measurable coordinatewise functions preserve independence).

[F4]

If Z has law P, then Ef(Z)=∫f dP for integrable f (Law or distribution of a random element, Change of variables for expectation).

[F5]

If 0≤Y≤1 almost surely, then Eeλ(Y−EY)≤eλ2/8 for all real λ (The Hoeffding MGF bound for a variable in a unit interval).

[F6]

For independent real random variables Xi and Borel maps gi, the expectation of a finite product of the nonnegative variables gi(Xi) factors into the product of expectations; also, exp⁡(x+y)=exp⁡(x)exp⁡(y) (Expectations factor over finite products of independent random variables, The exponential addition formula exp⁡(x+y)=exp⁡(x)exp⁡(y)).

[F7]

For nonnegative W and a>0, P(W≥a)≤EW/a (Markov's inequality for random variables).

[F8]

A finite union of events has probability at most the sum of their probabilities (Basic identities for a probability measure).

[F9]

For c∈R, the translation t↦t−c is Borel measurable because its strict upper threshold set at a is (a+c,∞). For λ∈R, the map t↦eλt is Borel measurable: its upper threshold set is R for a≤0; for a>0 it is R if λ=0 and a<1, empty if λ=0 and a≥1, (log⁡(a)/λ,∞) if λ>0, and (−∞,log⁡(a)/λ) if λ<0. These formulas use exp⁡(0)=1, positivity, strict increase, and the inverse relation of exp⁡ and log⁡. Borel maps preserve measurability under composition, and finite arithmetic and lattice operations preserve measurability (The exponential is positive and satisfies exp⁡(−x)=1/exp⁡(x), The natural logarithm as the inverse of the exponential function, The real exponential function and the number e by a power series, Composition with a Borel measurable outer map preserves measurability, The exponential function is strictly increasing, Threshold characterisations of real-valued and extended-real-valued measurability, Arithmetic and lattice operations preserve measurability whenever they are defined).

Proof

Given: IID observations, a finite nonempty measurable [0,1]-valued class, n≥1, and ϵ>0.

1.1F1F2F3F4F9given

Fix f∈F and put Yi=f(Zi). By [F2]–[F3], the Yi are measurable independent real random variables. By [F4], EYi=Pf. The translation in [F9] is Borel measurable, so applying [F3] to Wi:=Yi−Pf shows that the Wi are measurable, independent, and centered. Also 0≤Yi≤1 almost surely.

2.1F5F6F9step 1.1

For every λ∈R, apply [F5] to Yi, whose range is [0,1], to obtain EeλWi=Eeλ(Yi−EYi)≤eλ2/8. By [F9], t↦eλt is Borel measurable, so applying [F3] to the independent Wi shows that eλWi are measurable and independent. Their expectations are finite by the displayed bound. The exponential addition formula and the nonnegative product case of [F6] now give Eeλ∑iWi=E∏ieλWi=∏iEeλWi≤enλ2/8. The sum in the left exponential is measurable by [F9]'s arithmetic-measurability clause and composition clause.

3.1F1F7step 2.1algebra

For λ>0, [F7] and step 2.1 give P(∑iWi≥nϵ)≤exp⁡(−λnϵ+nλ2/8). Setting λ=4ϵ gives P(Pnf−Pf≥ϵ)≤e−2nϵ2.

4.1F1F5F7F8step 2.1step 3.1algebra

Applying step 3.1's Markov argument to −∑iWi uses the bound from step 2.1 at λ=−4ϵ (obtained by applying [F5] to each Yi) and gives P(Pnf−Pf≤−ϵ)≤e−2nϵ2. The finite union bound [F8] therefore gives P(∣Pnf−Pf∣≥ϵ)≤2e−2nϵ2.

5.1F8step 4.1∎

The event in the statement is the union over the finite class of the events in step 4.1. A second application of [F8] gives the stated factor 2∣F∣.

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