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Weight and character of the Kojman-Shelah scale subspace
Statement
Assume AC. For the Kojman–Shelah scale subspace ,
The character uses the raw supremum convention . In fact every point has local character strictly below , while .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: and its defining normalized scale , where and .
Points of have uncountable coordinate cofinalities bounded strictly by one finite aleph and are eventually equal to scale terms; admissible finite modifications preserve (Kojman-Shelah scale subspace).
, and every is strictly below a point of at every coordinate (Cofinality and size of the scale subspace).
Half-open boxes give the local bases in the Rudin space and hence, upon intersection, in (Clopen boxes and the P-space property).
Sets smaller than a cofinality are bounded, and infinite cofinalities are regular cardinals (; and ; for a limit ordinal the value is an infinite cardinal with , so it is regular; and every cofinal subset of has cardinality at least , a value that is attained); a strictly increasing cofinal map with domain the cofinality exists (For every ordinal there is a least ordinal admitting a map with cofinal range, and that map may always be taken strictly increasing, (b)).
Under AC the finite positive alephs and are regular ( is regular in ZF; assuming the Axiom of Choice every successor aleph is regular; , so is singular, and under choice it is the least singular infinite cardinal).
Weight and density are least sizes of global bases and dense subsets; local character is the least size of a neighborhood base, and character is their raw supremum (Under choice, weight , density , local character , and character as raw cardinal minima and a supremum).
The weight minimum and the local-character minima and supremum exist under AC (Under choice, is a well-defined cardinal, Under choice, and are well-defined cardinals).
Injections give cardinal inequalities (Commutativity, associativity, distributivity and monotonicity of and , the unit laws, the two exponent laws, and if and only if injects into , (a)).
Infinite cardinal sums and nonzero products absorb smaller cardinals (Absorption: for cardinals with infinite and , , and when ).
is the order type of a copy of followed by a copy of ( is the order type of followed by ).
AC is assumed for cofinal-map choices, local-neighborhood choices and cardinal bounds for the resulting families (The Axiom of Choice).
Proof
Fix and a finite with for every , as in F1. Necessarily . Partition into , , using F4. For every choose by F4 and A1 a strictly increasing cofinal map . For each tuple with at each nonempty stratum define for . Then , and is an open neighborhood of by F3. Given any , for each take the least with ; this exists because is a limit and is cofinal. Countability of and uncountable regularity F5 give by F4. Monotonicity yields , so . F3 shows the form an actual local base. Empty strata contribute no tuple coordinate.
By F2 choose , for example a point above the zero product function. For let agree with except that . F5 gives cofinality at that coordinate, and a finite aleph bound greater than both this cardinal and the old uniform bound makes a Rudin point. Hence F1 gives . Suppose a neighborhood base at had size . It is nonempty, since the neighborhood must contain a base member. By F3 and A1 choose with . F4–F5 give . Put . F10 and F9 show , since ; therefore . The final block is cofinal, and each smaller set is bounded in it by F4–F5, so . Also , including when . Let agree with except for . The new cofinality is , so it is an admissible finite modification and belongs to by F1. It lies in every chosen box: at its value exceeds and is below the top, and elsewhere it equals . Thus for every . But the open box at with lower value at coordinate and zero elsewhere excludes . No is contained in it, contradicting the base property. We conclude .
Let have size less than . Each has a unique index with : existence follows from F1, and two different indices would force eventual strict self-inequality on infinite . By F4–F5 there is above all those indices; use if is empty. Consequently every satisfies . By F2 choose with pointwise. F3 makes open, and it is nonempty since . It misses : if , it would be strictly above everywhere and strictly below it at all but finitely many coordinates, impossible on the infinite . Thus no set of size below is dense. The whole is dense in itself and has size by F2, so by F6 and F8.
The tuple family of step 1.1 has cardinality at most the finite product of the for nonempty strata. At least one stratum is nonempty, since is infinite. F9 bounds this product by . By F6–F8, for every , whence . Choose these local bases for all points, using A1 on the proved nonempty sets of suitable choices. Their union is a global basis: for any open and , a member of the base at is contained in . Its size is at most by F2 and F9. Therefore .
The infinite is unbounded; hence . Step 1.2 and the raw-supremum convention F6 give . Combined with step 2.1, this proves , although each local character is strictly smaller. The lower bound uses the specially constructed top-coordinate points; it does not assert a coordinate-cofinality lower bound at an arbitrary point.
If a global basis had size less than , choose one point from each nonempty member using A1. The resulting set has size less than and is dense: each nonempty open set contains a nonempty basis member and hence its chosen point. This contradicts step 1.3. Therefore by F6–F8. Together with step 2.1 this proves , while step 3.1 gives the asserted character and step 1.3 gives the density. QED.
Depends on
- Kojman-Shelah scale subspace
- Cofinality and size of the scale subspace
- Clopen boxes and the P-space property
- Under choice, weight $w(X)$, density $d(X)$, local character $\chi(x,X)$, and character $\chi(X)$ as raw cardinal minima and a supremum
- Under choice, $w(X)$ is a well-defined cardinal
- Under choice, $\chi(x,X)$ and $\chi(X)$ are well-defined cardinals
- The Axiom of Choice
- $\operatorname{cf}(\alpha) \le \alpha$; $\operatorname{cf}(0) = 0$ and $\operatorname{cf}(\alpha + 1) = 1$; for a limit ordinal $\lambda$ the value $\operatorname{cf}(\lambda)$ is an infinite cardinal with $\operatorname{cf}(\operatorname{cf}(\lambda)) = \operatorname{cf}(\lambda)$, so it is regular; and every cofinal subset of $\lambda$ has cardinality at least $\operatorname{cf}(\lambda)$, a value that is attained
- $\aleph_0$ is regular in ZF; assuming the Axiom of Choice every successor aleph $\aleph_{\alpha+1}$ is regular; $\operatorname{cf}(\aleph_\omega) = \aleph_0$, so $\aleph_\omega$ is singular, and under choice it is the least singular infinite cardinal
- Commutativity, associativity, distributivity and monotonicity of $\oplus$ and $\otimes$, the unit laws, the two exponent laws, and $\kappa \le \lambda$ if and only if $\kappa$ injects into $\lambda$
- Absorption: for cardinals $\kappa, \lambda$ with $\kappa$ infinite and $\lambda \le \kappa$, $\kappa \oplus \lambda = \kappa$, and $\kappa \otimes \lambda = \kappa$ when $\lambda \ne 0$
- $\alpha + \beta$ is the order type of $\alpha$ followed by $\beta$
- For every ordinal $\alpha$ there is a least ordinal $\beta$ admitting a map $\beta \to \alpha$ with cofinal range, and that map may always be taken strictly increasing
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Sources
- Kojman and Shelah, A ZFC Dowker space in aleph omega plus one, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 126 (1998), statement after Theorem 3, printed p. 2465; local invariant calculations supplied here (standard reference, not scraped)
- K. P. Hart, Set-Theoretic Methods in General Topology, Chapter 7 section 2, printed pp. 40–41, scale-subspace framework (standard reference, not scraped)