Alphabeta Math
TheoremStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-12
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A ZFC Dowker space of size aleph omega plus one

Statement

Assume AC. The Kojman–Shelah scale subspace X is a closed, pointwise cofinal Dowker subspace of R=XR(B), and X=ω+1. It is Hausdorff and collectionwise normal. Pointwise cofinal means that every bnBn is strictly below some point of X at every coordinate.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The scale subspace XR=XR(B) and AC.

[F1]

X is closed in R (The scale subspace is closed).

[F2]

X=ω+1 and for every strict-product bound b there is xX with b<x pointwise (Cofinality and size of the scale subspace).

[F3]

R is Hausdorff and separates every indexed discrete family of closed sets by disjoint open neighborhoods (Rudin spaces are collectionwise normal).

[F4]

The initial-top slices Fk in R decrease to empty and are closed. Every open expansion sequence WkFk contains in its intersection the entire R-tail above some bnBn (Rudin shrinking obstruction).

[F5]

In a normal countably paracompact space every decreasing closed sequence with empty intersection has open expansions with empty intersection (Increasing-cover and decreasing-closed-set criteria, (iv)).

[F6]

A Dowker space is normal, T1, and not countably paracompact (Countable paracompactness and Dowker spaces).

[A1]

AC is assumed for the preceding construction theorems and any simultaneous choices of ambient open lifts (The Axiom of Choice).

Proof

1.1

Let (Hj)jJ be an indexed discrete family of closed subsets of X. Since X is closed in R by F1, each Hj is closed in R: write it as XCj for a closed Cj in R. At a point of X, a relative open neighborhood meeting at most one indexed Hj is the intersection with X of an ambient open set. That ambient set meets precisely the same members, since every Hj lies in X. At a point outside X, the open set RX meets none. Thus the family is indexed discrete in R. F3 under A1 gives pairwise disjoint open neighborhoods Vj there, and VjX are pairwise disjoint open neighborhoods of Hj in X. Empty members may receive the empty set, and an empty index set gives the empty separating family.

F1F3A1
1.2

Put Ek=FkX. F4 implies these are closed in X, decrease, and have empty intersection. Let (Uk) be any open expansion sequence in X, with EkUk. Choose open VkR satisfying VkX=Uk, using A1 if necessary, and set Wk=Vk(RX). This is open by F1. Every point of Fk outside X is in its second summand; every point of Fk inside X belongs to EkUkVk. Therefore FkWk, and WkX=Uk. F4 supplies a bound b whose entire R-tail lies in every Wk. F2 gives an actual xX with b<x pointwise. Thus xWkX=Uk for every k, proving kUk.

F1F2F4A1
2.1

Hausdorff separation in R restricts to separation in X by intersecting the two disjoint ambient neighborhoods with X. Consequently X is T1: for fixed x, each other point has an open neighborhood avoiding x, and their union is X{x}. For disjoint closed C,DX, their two-member family is discrete: the complement of D works at points of C, the complement of C at points of D, and the complement of their union elsewhere. Step 1.1 separates this family. Thus X is normal as well as Hausdorff and collectionwise normal.

F3step 1.1
3.1

If X were countably paracompact, its normality from step 2.1 and F5 would give open expansions of the sequence (Ek) with empty intersection. Step 1.2 excludes every such sequence. Hence X is not countably paracompact; together with step 2.1 and F6, this makes X a Dowker space.

step 2.1step 1.2F5F6
4.1

Closedness is F1, and F2 gives both strict pointwise cofinality and the cardinality ω+1. Steps 1.1 and 2.1 establish the stated separation properties, and step 3.1 establishes the Dowker conclusion. No inference that failure of countable paracompactness passes to arbitrary closed subspaces is needed: step 1.2 proves the required failure for this particular cofinal subspace. QED.

F1F2step 1.1step 2.1step 3.1

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