Alphabeta Math
TheoremStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-12
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A ZFC Dowker space of size aleph omega plus one

Statement

Assume AC. The Kojman–Shelah scale subspace X is a closed, pointwise cofinal Dowker subspace of R=XR(B), and ∣X∣=ℵω+1. It is Hausdorff and collectionwise normal. Pointwise cofinal means that every b∈∏n∈Bℵn is strictly below some point of X at every coordinate.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The scale subspace X⊆R=XR(B) and AC.

[F1]

X is closed in R (The scale subspace is closed).

[F2]

∣X∣=ℵω+1 and for every strict-product bound b there is x∈X with b<x pointwise (Cofinality and size of the scale subspace).

[F3]

R is Hausdorff and separates every indexed discrete family of closed sets by disjoint open neighborhoods (Rudin spaces are collectionwise normal).

[F4]

The initial-top slices Fk in R decrease to empty and are closed. Every open expansion sequence Wk⊇Fk contains in its intersection the entire R-tail above some b∈∏n∈Bℵn (Rudin shrinking obstruction).

[F5]

In a normal countably paracompact space every decreasing closed sequence with empty intersection has open expansions with empty intersection (Increasing-cover and decreasing-closed-set criteria, (iv)).

[F6]

A Dowker space is normal, T1, and not countably paracompact (Countable paracompactness and Dowker spaces).

[A1]

AC is assumed for the preceding construction theorems and any simultaneous choices of ambient open lifts (The Axiom of Choice).

Proof

1.1F1F3A1

Let (Hj)j∈J be an indexed discrete family of closed subsets of X. Since X is closed in R by F1, each Hj is closed in R: write it as X∩Cj for a closed Cj in R. At a point of X, a relative open neighborhood meeting at most one indexed Hj is the intersection with X of an ambient open set. That ambient set meets precisely the same members, since every Hj lies in X. At a point outside X, the open set R∖X meets none. Thus the family is indexed discrete in R. F3 under A1 gives pairwise disjoint open neighborhoods Vj there, and Vj∩X are pairwise disjoint open neighborhoods of Hj in X. Empty members may receive the empty set, and an empty index set gives the empty separating family.

1.2F1F2F4A1

Put Ek=Fk∩X. F4 implies these are closed in X, decrease, and have empty intersection. Let (Uk) be any open expansion sequence in X, with Ek⊆Uk. Choose open Vk⊆R satisfying Vk∩X=Uk, using A1 if necessary, and set Wk=Vk∪(R∖X). This is open by F1. Every point of Fk outside X is in its second summand; every point of Fk inside X belongs to Ek⊆Uk⊆Vk. Therefore Fk⊆Wk, and Wk∩X=Uk. F4 supplies a bound b whose entire R-tail lies in every Wk. F2 gives an actual x∈X with b<x pointwise. Thus x∈Wk∩X=Uk for every k, proving ⋂kUk≠∅.

2.1F3step 1.1

Hausdorff separation in R restricts to separation in X by intersecting the two disjoint ambient neighborhoods with X. Consequently X is T1: for fixed x, each other point has an open neighborhood avoiding x, and their union is X∖{x}. For disjoint closed C,D⊆X, their two-member family is discrete: the complement of D works at points of C, the complement of C at points of D, and the complement of their union elsewhere. Step 1.1 separates this family. Thus X is normal as well as Hausdorff and collectionwise normal.

3.1step 2.1step 1.2F5F6

If X were countably paracompact, its normality from step 2.1 and F5 would give open expansions of the sequence (Ek) with empty intersection. Step 1.2 excludes every such sequence. Hence X is not countably paracompact; together with step 2.1 and F6, this makes X a Dowker space.

4.1F1F2step 1.1step 2.1step 3.1

Closedness is F1, and F2 gives both strict pointwise cofinality and the cardinality ℵω+1. Steps 1.1 and 2.1 establish the stated separation properties, and step 3.1 establishes the Dowker conclusion. No inference that failure of countable paracompactness passes to arbitrary closed subspaces is needed: step 1.2 proves the required failure for this particular cofinal subspace. QED.

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