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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-generatedprecheck passaudited 2026-09-12
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A partial function is lambda-definable if and only if it is partial recursive

Statement

For a partial function f:NkN, the following are equivalent:

  1. f is lambda-definable.
  2. f is partial recursive.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A partial function f:NkN.

[L1]

Lambda-definability means representation by a lambda term on Church numerals via beta reduction, by Lambda terms, beta reduction, and the partial functions they represent.

[L2]

Partial recursive functions are generated from the initial functions by composition, primitive recursion, and minimization, by Unbounded minimization and partial recursive functions.

[L3]

A partial function on natural numbers is partial recursive exactly when it is Turing computable, by A partial function is partial recursive if and only if it is Turing computable.

[L4]

Finite tuples of natural numbers have an effective natural-number coding with primitive-recursive length and coordinate readers, by A natural-number coding of finite sequences and The sequence-length and coordinate-reading functions are primitive recursive.

[L5]

The fixed-arity tuple coder is primitive recursive: binary length and bit extraction are bounded arithmetic operations, appending a block is u2v+v, and 2m is obtained by primitive recursion from multiplication (Basic arithmetic operations and bounded quantification are primitive recursive).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

Assume f is partial recursive. By [L2], it is built from the initial arithmetic functions by composition, primitive recursion, and minimization. The initial functions are represented by the standard lambda terms for zero, successor, and projections; composition is represented by term substitution; primitive recursion is represented by the usual iterator on Church numerals; and minimization is represented by a fixpoint term that performs the unbounded search y=0,1,2, until a zero-test succeeds. Hence some lambda term represents f in the sense of [L1].

L1L2givenconstruct
1.2

Conversely, assume f is lambda-definable. By [L1], there is a lambda term F such that Fn1nk reaches a Church numeral exactly on the tuples where f is defined, and the numeral reached is its value. Given the sequence code of (n1,,nk), a Turing machine uses [L4] to recover the coordinates, forms that application, and performs a breadth-first search through all finite beta-reduction sequences, halting when a branch reaches a Church numeral. This computes the unary coded version of f, so [L3] makes that coded function partial recursive. Composing with the primitive-recursive tuple coder from [L5] and coordinate readers from [L4] makes the original k-ary f partial recursive.

L1L3L4L5givenconstruct
2.1

Steps 1.1 and 1.2 prove both directions, so lambda-definability and partial recursiveness are equivalent for f.

step 1.1step 1.2

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

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Sources