Alphabeta Math
TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-generatedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-6-luna)
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The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

First-order query and gate cost

Statement

For the term-list input H=∑j=1mHj in Term-list Hamiltonian access, let t be a finite time code in its expression language, let 0<ϵ<1 be rational, and let C2≥0 be a certified rational satisfying C2≥∑1≤j<ℓ≤m∥[Hj,Hℓ]∥. Supply a certified rational upper bound R≥t2C2/ϵ and put r=max⁡{1,⌈R⌉} and h=t/r. When t≠0, suppose each term call at the exact signed code h is supported and declared, directly or through separately declared inverse or time-reversed access, with at most qj named queries and gj gate occurrences. Let Qwrap and Gwrap be the separately declared query and gate costs of uniform circuit composition and generation. For t≠0, the algorithm First-order term-list simulator uses at most r∑jqj+Qwrap queries and r∑jgj+Gwrap gates. Its exact term product has error at most ϵ/2. If, when t≠0, implemented calls are unitary and their total operator-norm error over all rm calls is at most ϵ/2, the returned unitary is within ϵ of UH(t). When t=0, the algorithm returns the identity with no term calls. Coefficient, description-bit, ancilla, and classical-generation resources remain separate coordinates.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A finite term-list input, finite time code t in its expression language, rational 0<ϵ<1, certified rational C2, certified rational upper bound R≥t2C2/ϵ, the resulting integer r=max⁡{1,⌈R⌉}, and the declared costs for calls at h=t/r when t≠0.

[F1]

First-order term-list simulator returns the identity with no term calls when t=0; otherwise it makes exactly r repetitions of m term calls, where r=max⁡{1,⌈R⌉} and R≥t2C2/ϵ.

[F2]

First-order commutator error bounds the exact product-formula error by t22r∑1≤j<ℓ≤m∥[Hj,Hℓ]∥.

[F3]

Term-list Hamiltonian access records per-call query and gate costs, implementation errors, and composition/generation overhead as separate charges.

[F5]

The operator norm is zero on the zero domain and otherwise is max_{||v||=1} ||Tv|| defines the operator norm as the maximum over unit vectors.

Proof

1.1givenF1F2algebra

If t=0, the algorithm returns the identity and the exact evolution is also the identity. Otherwise r=max⁡{1,⌈R⌉}≥R≥t2C2/ϵ. Since C2 bounds the commutator sum, [F2] gives exact product error at most t2C2/(2r)≤ϵ/2.

2.1F1step 1.1F3F4F5algebra

Replace the exact term calls one at a time by their supplied unitary implementations. For unitaries, the definition [F5] and submultiplicativity [F4] show that left and right multiplication preserve operator norm. Thus a telescoping expansion of the two products bounds the operator-norm change by the sum of the individual call errors. The input certificate in [F1] makes this total at most ϵ/2. The triangle inequality with step 1.1 gives total error at most ϵ.

3.1F1F3algebra∎

For t≠0, each of the m term circuits occurs once in each of r repetitions, so their query and gate totals are r∑jqj and r∑jgj. For t=0 there are no term calls, and hence zero term-call query and gate costs. Adding the separately declared composition/generation overhead gives the stated bounds in either branch; the other resource coordinates are charged separately by [F3].

Depends on

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Sources