Alphabeta Math
TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedprecheck pass
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The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
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PromiseP is contained in PromiseBPP and PromiseBPP in BQP

Statement

For promise problems in the QC14 model,

PromiseP⊆PromiseBPP⊆BQP,BPP⊆BQP.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A binary-string promise pair, a polynomial-time randomized machine when needed, and the exact Boolean-to-QC14 compiler. Prove that all random-tape, gate, generator, and output costs remain polynomial.

[F1]

Promise problem: a PromiseP machine is correct on Y and N and is unrestricted elsewhere.

[F2]

PromiseBPP: one PTM with a fixed worst-case polynomial branch bound has acceptance probabilities at least 2/3 on Y and at most 1/3 on N.

[F3]

Probabilistic polynomial time machine interface: a bounded-time PTM on inputs of length n can be represented by one uniform finite tape of polynomially many independent fair bits; unused suffixes are ignored.

[F4]

Polynomial-time computations have logspace-uniform circuit families: a fixed deterministic polynomial-time computation has a polynomial-size logspace-uniform Boolean circuit family.

[F5]

Indexed uniform circuits convert to polynomial-time full lists: its indexed family has a polynomial-time full-list generator.

[F6]

Boolean circuits compile exactly into the QC14 gate alphabet: a complete Boolean circuit list can be reversibly compiled into an exact QC14 list in polynomial time and size.

[F7]

BQP for promise problems in the fixed QC14 model: BQP uses the same QC14 family model and the 2/3,1/3 acceptance thresholds.

[F8]

Clifford+T gate library and exact matrices: H∣0⟩=(∣0⟩+∣1⟩)/2; ordered tensor maps act factorwise on the registers (Finite registers and their ordered computational bases, Ordered tensor registers, their inner product, and wire permutations).

[F9]

The computational basis is orthonormal: the finite ordered computational basis is orthonormal.

[F10]

Quantum acceptance probability for a finite promise computation and The partial-output acceptance law is a finite probability law: the designated target-bit outcome probability sums squared amplitudes over the unmeasured random and work registers.

Proof

1.1givenF1F2algebra

If Π∈PromiseP, run its deterministic decider as a PTM that ignores all random bits. Its acceptance probability is 1 on Y and 0 on N, so it satisfies [F2]. Thus PromiseP⊆PromiseBPP.

1.2givenF2F3construct

Now let Π∈PromiseBPP be witnessed by a PTM M. Choose a strictly increasing positive integer polynomial R(n) that bounds both its run time and the number of fair bits it can use on length-n inputs. By [F3], using a uniform R(n)-bit string and ignoring its unused suffix preserves every acceptance probability.

2.1givenF3step 1.2construct

For a binary word w of length m, define one deterministic polynomial-time machine M♯ as follows. Search for an n with m=n+R(n); strict increase makes it unique if it exists. If none exists, output 0. If it exists, split w=x∥r with ∣x∣=n and ∣r∣=R(n), simulate M on x using r as its fair random tape, and output its accept bit. The search and simulation take polynomial time in m, since n≤m and R is a fixed polynomial. Whenever a fixed multitape stage in this construction or its later composition runs for at most P(m) steps, a one-tape simulator stores its finitely many tape contents in aligned tracks of a finite product alphabet, with one head marker per tape. Each track uses at most m+P(m)+O(1) cells, and a constant number of sweeps simulates each step in O(m+P(m)) time. Put the binary output on a designated track starting at cell 0; a final cleanup sweep replaces each product symbol by its output-track component, leaving the exact output word followed by blanks on the final tape. Thus the construction has a one-tape polynomial-time implementation whenever that convention is needed.

3.1givenF3F4F5F6step 2.1construct

Apply [F4] to M♯, then [F5] to emit the Boolean gate list at length m(n)=n+R(n). Compose this generator with the polynomial-time map n↦m(n). Apply [F6] to that list. In the resulting QC14 family on input x, designate the next R(n) auxiliary wires as the random register, apply H to each from its initial zero state, and then run the reversible compiler on the x and random registers with a zero target and clean work. Starting from the compiled list with g gates, prefix Hadamard records on wire indices n,…,n+R(n)−1, change the unary input-wire count to n, and rewrite the self-delimiting gate count to g+R(n); retain the same total-wire count, target tuple and compiled gate records. The fixed composition of these list operations runs in polynomial time in n because all intermediate Boolean and QC14 descriptions have polynomial length. The one-tape simulation described in step 2.1 therefore yields one fixed deterministic one-tape generator that leaves the complete QC14 description as its final tape word, as required for the full-list family.

4.1F2F3F7F8F9F10step 3.1algebra

By [F8]–[F9], the Hadamards prepare 2−R(n)/2∑r∈{0,1}R(n)∣r⟩ on the zero-initialized random register. For each basis r, the reversible circuit writes exactly the bit M(x;r) into the target and returns its work to zero. Distinct r values remain in orthogonal computational-basis states of the unmeasured random register. The one-tape generator from step 3.1 satisfies the full-list uniformity condition in [F7]. Therefore, by [F10], the target's acceptance probability is 2−R(n)#{r∈{0,1}R(n):M(x;r) accepts}, which is exactly the PTM acceptance probability in [F3]. Its YES and NO bounds in [F2] are the BQP bounds in [F7]. Hence PromiseBPP⊆BQP.

5.1givenF2F7step 4.1∎

For an ordinary language L∈BPP, use the total promise pair (L,{0,1}∗∖L). Its BPP PTM satisfies the PromiseBPP definition [F2], so step 4.1 gives a BQP family for the language. Thus BPP⊆BQP.

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