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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedSession-authored (Fable 5 assisted)precheck passaudited 2026-08-26
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There is a bijection TnPn+2 for every nN

Statement

For every natural number n there is a bijection

Ψn:TnPn+2

from the binary trees of size n to the triangulations of the labelled (n+2)-gon.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: a natural number n.

[L1]

A triangulation of the (n+3)-gon has a unique split index k on the closing side, and splitting there produces triangulations of the k-gon and the (nk+4)-gon (For m3 and a triangulation T of the m-gon there is a unique k with 1<k<m such that {1,k} and {k,m} are both chords of T or sides, and T splits along k).

[F1]

Every tree in Tn+1 is determined by an index in, a left subtree in Ti and a right subtree in Tni (Binary trees, defined recursively, and their size).

Proof

technique · induction
1.1

[base] The set T0 has the single tree {ε} and the set P2 has the single empty triangulation, so there is a unique bijection Ψ0:T0P2.

given
1.2

[ih] Assume that for every index jn a bijection Ψj:TjPj+2 has already been constructed.

given
2.1

For a tree TTn+1 write its recursive data as (i,L,R) as in [F1]. Let Ψn+1(T) be the triangulation of the (n+3)-gon obtained by taking the triangle on the closing side with third vertex k:=i+2, filling the left k-gon by Ψi(L), and filling the right (ni+2)-gon by the order-preserving relabelling of Ψni(R) onto the vertices {k,k+1,,n+3}.

F1step 1.2
2.2

For a triangulation UPn+3, [L1] supplies a unique split index k and therefore a unique index i:=k2n, together with triangulations of the left k-gon and the right (ni+2)-gon. Relabel those two sub-polygons back to {1,,i+2} and {1,,ni+2}, apply the inverse bijections Ψi1 and Ψni1 from the induction hypothesis, and rebuild a tree in Tn+1 from the recursive data (i,L,R). Define that tree to be Ωn+1(U).

L1F1step 1.2
3.1

The constructions in steps 2.1 and 2.2 undo one another because both are governed by the same split index: the root split of the tree becomes the closing-side triangle of the triangulation, and the closing-side triangle of the triangulation becomes the root split of the tree. Hence Ωn+1Ψn+1=ΔTn+1 and Ψn+1Ωn+1=ΔPn+3, so Ψn+1 is a bijection by [L2].

L2step 2.1step 2.2discharge-induction

Remarks

  • The boundary case is the digon, not the triangle. That is why the statement is TnPn+2 rather than Pn+1, and it is why the base case carries the empty triangulation of the two-gon explicitly.

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

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Sources