Alphabeta Math
DefinitionDefinition: Literature-sourcedProof: Not applicablePipeline-generatedaudited 2026-09-22
How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

Chern classes from the projective-bundle relation

Definition

Assume AC. Let E→B be a numerable complex rank-n bundle with n≥1 over a path-connected CW complex B (or over one of the CW-type bases of Integral complex projective bundle theorem). By that theorem there are unique classes ai∈H2i(B;Z), 1≤i≤n, such that xE n−a1xE n−1+a2xE n−2−⋯+(−1)nan=0in H2n(P(E);Z), where xE∈H2(P(E);Z) is the Euler class of the underlying real bundle of the tautological line (Complex projective bundle and tautological complex line). The Chern classes of E are these coefficients: ci(E):=ai∈H2i(B;Z)(1≤i≤n), completed by the conventions c0(E):=1∈H0(B;Z) and ci(E):=0 for i>n, and the total Chern class is the finite sum c(E):=∑i≥0ci(E)=1+c1(E)+⋯+cn(E)∈H∗(B;Z).

For the zero bundle of rank 0 the conventions give c(0B)=1. The definition depends only on the isomorphism class of E, because an isomorphism of bundles induces an isomorphism of projective bundles pulling x back to x and hence preserves the unique relation. For a complex line bundle L→B one has P(L)≅B over B with γL corresponding to L under that identification, so the relation is xL−c1(L)=0; since xL=e(LR) under the identification, this gives c1(L)=e(LR). This is the normalization used throughout the page: the first Chern class of a complex line is the Euler class of its underlying real bundle in the complex orientation, not a separately chosen normalization.

Depends on

Dependency tree · 2 levels

Sources