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The coordinate connection of the flat chart is metric-selected
Example
Let be the flat Lorentzian four-manifold of The constant Minkowski metric as a smooth time-oriented Lorentzian manifold with the global chart , and write , for smooth vector fields. Define
Then is an affine connection on ; its Christoffel symbols in the global chart all vanish; and is a metric-selected connection for in the sense of Metric compatibility, torsion freedom and the metric-selected connection class, that is, it is torsion-free and -compatible. This exhibits a nonempty ; the example claims no uniqueness of the element.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The flat Lorentzian four-manifold with global chart , the operator on smooth fields, and the vanishing-coefficient data .
An affine connection is -bilinear, function-linear in the first argument, and satisfies (Affine connection on a smooth manifold).
The Christoffel symbols in a chart are the unique smooth functions with (Christoffel symbols of an affine connection).
A connection is torsion-free if and only if its Christoffel symbols are symmetric in every chart, and -compatible if and only if in every chart (Torsion freedom and metric compatibility in chart components).
A connection is metric-selected when it is both torsion-free and compatible with the metric (Metric compatibility, torsion freedom and the metric-selected connection class).
A vector field is smooth exactly when its component functions in a smooth chart are smooth; in particular a smooth vector field has smooth component functions in the global chart (A smooth vector field is a smooth section of the tangent bundle, Smoothness of a vector field is equivalent to smooth coordinate components).
Verification
The operator is well defined on smooth fields because the component functions of [L5] are smooth so is a smooth function. It is additive and -linear in because the components do and is -linear; it is function-linear in because ; and . Hence is an affine connection by [L1].
For the coordinate fields, has constant components , so and the definition of step 1.1 gives . By [L2] the Christoffel symbols of in the global chart are .
The metric components are constant, so ; the compatibility identity of [L3] reads and holds, and the symmetry identity reads and holds. By [L3] the connection is torsion-free and -compatible, hence metric-selected by [L4].
Remarks
Choice convention. The smooth vector fields of this example are the tangent-bundle sections of A smooth vector field is a smooth section of the tangent bundle, whose canonical smooth structure on assumes the axiom of The Axiom of Countable Choice (); this example inherits that assumption and uses no further choice principle.
Depends on
The constant Minkowski metric as a smooth time-oriented Lorentzian manifold
Metric compatibility, torsion freedom and the metric-selected connection class
Torsion freedom and metric compatibility in chart components
Affine connection on a smooth manifold
Christoffel symbols of an affine connection
A smooth vector field is a smooth section of the tangent bundle
Smoothness of a vector field is equivalent to smooth coordinate components
The Axiom of Countable Choice ()
Dependency tree · 2 levels
Sources
- S. M. Carroll, Lecture Notes on General Relativity, arXiv:gr-qc/9712019v1 (1997), the Christoffel connection in flat space and the polar-coordinate example (3.22)-(3.24), printed pp. 60-61 (PDF pp. 67-68)
- H. S. Reall, Part III General Relativity (Cambridge, October 12, 2022 revision), the vanishing components of the Levi-Civita connection in Cartesian coordinates, exercise after (1.35), printed p. 20 (PDF p. 21)
- D. Tong, General Relativity (Cambridge Part III Mathematical Tripos, Michaelmas 2019), Christoffel symbols in flat space, printed p. 104 (PDF p. 111)