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Two isolated two-level sites do not relax an energy eigenstate to Gibbs form

Physical scope

A hypothetical closed two-site quantum model initialized in any pure energy eigenstate, including a superposition within a degenerate eigenspace; unitary evolution preserves that state and does not produce its finite-temperature Gibbs mixture. This is not an experiment.

Example

Assume AC and Countable Choice for the canonical mode preparation. Let H1=H2=C2 with orthonormal basis ∣0⟩,∣1⟩, and define the factor number maps by Nr∣0⟩=0, Nr∣1⟩=∣1⟩. The composite Hilbert space is the finite Hilbert tensor product H1⊗^H2≅C4 from Hilbert tensor construction: inner product, completion and product bases, with orthonormal product basis ∣n1n2⟩, nr∈{0,1}. On this basis define the site-number operators N1∣n1n2⟩=n1∣n1n2⟩ and N2∣n1n2⟩=n2∣n1n2⟩. For T>0 kelvins set ε=kBTlog⁡2 joules and define the noninteracting total Hamiltonian H=ε(N1+N2),H∣n1n2⟩=ε(n1+n2)∣n1n2⟩. The quantum Gibbs preparation at T is used for the thermal comparison, and the closed-system unitary evolution is generated by H with Ut=e−itH/ℏ, where t is in seconds and ℏ>0 is in J s. Start the dynamics in ρ0=∣ψ⟩⟨ψ∣, where ∥ψ∥=1 and Hψ=λψ for λ∈{0,ε,2ε}. Here ∣ψ⟩⟨ψ∣ means the rank-one map v↦⟨v,ψ⟩ψ, with inner product linear in the first argument. This includes every unit vector in the degenerate eigenspace span⁡{∣01⟩,∣10⟩}, as well as the ground and top eigenvectors. The preparation stays constant for every time and does not converge to the Gibbs density. The choice ψ=∣00⟩ gives the explicit ground-state comparison below.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The finite product energy model, the assigned positive temperature, the unitary evolution postulate, and the stated initial state.

[F1]

The canonical equilibrium-ensemble assumption: the Gibbs preparation of a declared model at assigned temperature: under AC and Countable Choice, a declared self-adjoint semibounded energy generator with a positive finite Gibbs trace is assigned the density ρβ=e−βH/Z.

[F2]

Finite bosonic and fermionic mode partition and occupation formulas: for a finite tensor product of independent fermionic two-level factors with additive total energy, the trace is the product of the one-mode traces 1+q, and the joint occupation-basis law is the product of the one-mode Gibbs weights.

[F3]

Autonomous dynamics postulate P4: self-adjoint generators and unitary evolution and Assigned energy observable, unitary flow and the two pictures of autonomous evolution: closed-system evolution is ρ(t)=Utρ0Ut∗ with Ut=e−itH/ℏ.

[A1]

Each site has q=1/2, and the initial vector ψ is any unit energy eigenvector of H; ∣00⟩ is the ground-state special case.

Verification

Given: q=1/2, the product model, a unit energy eigenvector, and the closed-system evolution.

1.1F1F2A1algebra

The product trace in [F2] is Z=(1+q)2=9/4. By the Gibbs assignment [F1] and the product-basis energies from the Statement, P(n1,n2)=qn1+n2/Z; at q=1/2, the probabilities on (00,01,10,11) are (4/9,2/9,2/9,1/9). In particular, the Gibbs probability of ∣11⟩ is 1/9>0.

2.1F1F3A1step 1.1algebra

For any stated eigenvector, the diagonal spectral evolution in [F3] gives Utψ=e−itλ/ℏψ, including every vector in the degenerate middle eigenspace. The phase has modulus one, so ρ(t)=∣ψ⟩⟨ψ∣ for every t. The Gibbs density is diagonal with the four strictly positive weights of step 1.1, hence has rank four, whereas ρ(t) has rank one. They are distinct; the constant orbit cannot converge to the Gibbs density in any matrix norm.

3.1F3A1step 1.1algebra∎

In the special case ψ=∣00⟩, H∣00⟩=0, Ut∣00⟩=∣00⟩ for every t; thus ρ(t)=∣00⟩⟨00∣. Its probability for the projector ∣11⟩⟨11∣ is zero at every time, unlike the Gibbs value 1/9. The state therefore never reaches this Gibbs density under the declared unitary evolution.

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