How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
Two isolated two-level sites do not relax an energy eigenstate to Gibbs form
A hypothetical closed two-site quantum model initialized in any pure energy eigenstate, including a superposition within a degenerate eigenspace; unitary evolution preserves that state and does not produce its finite-temperature Gibbs mixture. This is not an experiment.
Example
Assume AC and Countable Choice for the canonical mode preparation. Let with orthonormal basis , and define the factor number maps by , . The composite Hilbert space is the finite Hilbert tensor product from Hilbert tensor construction: inner product, completion and product bases, with orthonormal product basis , . On this basis define the site-number operators and . For kelvins set joules and define the noninteracting total Hamiltonian The quantum Gibbs preparation at is used for the thermal comparison, and the closed-system unitary evolution is generated by with , where is in seconds and is in . Start the dynamics in , where and for . Here means the rank-one map , with inner product linear in the first argument. This includes every unit vector in the degenerate eigenspace , as well as the ground and top eigenvectors. The preparation stays constant for every time and does not converge to the Gibbs density. The choice gives the explicit ground-state comparison below.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The finite product energy model, the assigned positive temperature, the unitary evolution postulate, and the stated initial state.
The canonical equilibrium-ensemble assumption: the Gibbs preparation of a declared model at assigned temperature: under AC and Countable Choice, a declared self-adjoint semibounded energy generator with a positive finite Gibbs trace is assigned the density .
Finite bosonic and fermionic mode partition and occupation formulas: for a finite tensor product of independent fermionic two-level factors with additive total energy, the trace is the product of the one-mode traces , and the joint occupation-basis law is the product of the one-mode Gibbs weights.
Each site has , and the initial vector is any unit energy eigenvector of ; is the ground-state special case.
Verification
Given: , the product model, a unit energy eigenvector, and the closed-system evolution.
The product trace in [F2] is . By the Gibbs assignment [F1] and the product-basis energies from the Statement, ; at , the probabilities on are . In particular, the Gibbs probability of is .
For any stated eigenvector, the diagonal spectral evolution in [F3] gives , including every vector in the degenerate middle eigenspace. The phase has modulus one, so for every . The Gibbs density is diagonal with the four strictly positive weights of step 1.1, hence has rank four, whereas has rank one. They are distinct; the constant orbit cannot converge to the Gibbs density in any matrix norm.
In the special case , , for every ; thus . Its probability for the projector is zero at every time, unlike the Gibbs value . The state therefore never reaches this Gibbs density under the declared unitary evolution.
Depends on
The Axiom of Choice
The Axiom of Countable Choice ()
Assigned energy observable, unitary flow and the two pictures of autonomous evolution
Dimensions, SI unit conventions and quantity types of the framework
SI quantities and unit conventions
Hilbert tensor construction: inner product, completion and product bases
Finite bosonic and fermionic mode partition and occupation formulas
Autonomous dynamics postulate P4: self-adjoint generators and unitary evolution
The canonical equilibrium-ensemble assumption: the Gibbs preparation of a declared model at assigned temperature