How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
On a finite-measure space, a bounded functional is integration against its Radon-Nikodym density
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Choice. Let be a finite measure space, let , and let be a bounded linear functional. Then there exists a density such that for every bounded measurable representative with class , In particular the equality holds for every simple function.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: AC, a finite measure space , an exponent , and a bounded linear functional on .
The induced set function is a finite signed measure and satisfies (On a finite-measure space, a bounded functional on defines a finite signed measure, The measure defined by a bounded functional is absolutely continuous with respect to ).
A finite absolutely continuous signed measure has an density by the Radon-Nikodym theorem (A sigma-finite signed measure that is absolutely continuous with respect to a sigma-finite positive measure has a unique almost-everywhere density).
Measurable functions admit dominated simple approximants (Every measurable function admits simple approximations dominated by its absolute value).
Dominated convergence applies to integrable majorants (Dominated convergence).
The Lebesgue integral is linear on (The Lebesgue integral is linear on ).
AC permits the RN and Hahn/Jordan constructions. For a finite-valued signed measure, the Jordan totals are finite values on its Hahn pieces, so their sum, its total variation, is finite. (The Axiom of Choice, Jordan decomposition of a signed measure into unique mutually singular positive parts, For a signed measure, total variation is nu-plus plus nu-minus, finite partitions suffice, and nu-plus and nu-minus are extremal)
Proof
By [L1] the induced measure is finite signed and absolutely continuous. By [L6] its total variation is finite; the constant exhaustion is common and finite for it and . Under AC, [L2] therefore applies: choose such that Since , this means
Let be bounded and measurable, with . By [L3], choose simple functions such that for every and pointwise. Since , and the majorant is integrable. Therefore [L4] gives so continuity of yields
For each simple approximant , step 1.1 and linearity give Thus the formula already holds for every simple function, and in particular for the chosen sequence .
Because and with , [L4] gives Combining this with step 1.2 and step 2.1 yields So the Radon-Nikodym density represents on every bounded measurable representative.
Depends on
The Axiom of Choice
Jordan decomposition of a signed measure into unique mutually singular positive parts
For a signed measure, total variation is nu-plus plus nu-minus, finite partitions suffice, and nu-plus and nu-minus are extremal
On a finite-measure space, a bounded functional on defines a finite signed measure
The measure defined by a bounded functional is absolutely continuous with respect to
A sigma-finite signed measure that is absolutely continuous with respect to a sigma-finite positive measure has a unique almost-everywhere density
Every measurable function admits simple approximations dominated by its absolute value
Dominated convergence
The Lebesgue integral is linear on