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A pointwise convergent subsequence of a uniformly Lipschitz family into a compact metric space converges uniformly on compact subintervals
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()). Let be a compact metric space (Metric space: iff , symmetry, and the triangle inequality; pseudometric and ultrametric), let be an interval with nonempty interior, let be real, and let , , be -Lipschitz maps, for all . Then there are a strictly increasing sequence and a -Lipschitz map such that uniformly on every compact subinterval of .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A compact metric space , an interval with nonempty interior, a real , and -Lipschitz maps .
is a countable dense subset of : the rationals are countable and dense in , so their intersection with an interval is countable and, the interval having nonempty interior, dense in it ( is countably infinite, Both and are dense in , and every nonempty open subset of is uncountable).
For the compact metric space : is sequentially compact, and consequently complete; moreover a Cauchy sequence with a convergent subsequence converges (For a metric space, compact, countably compact, limit point compact, sequentially compact, and complete together with totally bounded are all equivalent, given countable choice and dependent choice, A Cauchy sequence in a metric space with a convergent subsequence converges to that subsequence’s limit).
Countable choice selects one element from each of countably many nonempty sets (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()).
Proof
(Deterministic diagonal extraction after countable choice.) Enumerate [L1]. Compactness gives a finite cover of by balls of radius for each ; [L3] chooses one ordered finite list of centers for each , from this family fixed in advance. Set . At stage , classify the indices by the tuple of least ball indices containing in the chosen radius- cover. There are finitely many classes, so at least one is infinite; let be the infinite class with lexicographically least tuple. This defines nested infinite sets by deterministic recursion, without dependent choice. Put and let be the least member of greater than . For fixed and , every with lies in , so the values lie in one ball of radius and have pairwise distances less than . They are Cauchy and converge by [L2]. Write . The only choice was the simultaneous selection of finite covers.
(The limit on the dense set is Lipschitz and extends to .) For , continuity of and the Lipschitz bound give [L2]. For choose a sequence with [L1]; by the previous estimate is Cauchy, hence convergent in the complete space , and the limit does not depend on the chosen sequence (two sequences may be interleaved). Define as this limit; passing to the limit in the Lipschitz estimate shows is -Lipschitz on .
(Uniform convergence on compact subintervals.) Let be a compact subinterval and let . Choose finitely many points such that every satisfies for some ; this is possible, including when , because is dense in and a compact interval is totally bounded in the sense of admitting such finite nets, the case being immediate from the estimator below with read as any positive number. Since for each , there is such that for all and all . For pick with ; then for , because both and are -Lipschitz. Hence uniformly on .
Remarks
- What replaces Arzela-Ascoli. Compactness of the target already gives pointwise relative compactness, so equicontinuity (here the Lipschitz bound) is the only extra input; the proof is the standard diagonal extraction over a countable dense set followed by the Lipschitz estimate.
- Use. The lemma supplies the convergent subsequence in the openness proof of Local Cauchy neighborhoods in a conically bounded product chart, replacing an appeal to a general Arzela-Ascoli theorem whose home page is a prerequisite of no current run batch.
Depends on
For a metric space, compact, countably compact, limit point compact, sequentially compact, and complete together with totally bounded are all equivalent, given countable choice and dependent choice
A Cauchy sequence in a metric space with a convergent subsequence converges to that subsequence’s limit
Both and are dense in , and every nonempty open subset of is uncountable
is countably infinite
Metric space: iff , symmetry, and the triangle inequality; pseudometric and ultrametric
The Axiom of Countable Choice ()