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Compact, discrete and abelian groups are unimodular
Statement
Assume AC for the general Haar interface. Every compact, discrete, or abelian LCH group is unimodular.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: An LCH group , a left Haar measure on , the modular function (Modular function of a locally compact group), and AC.
For every there is a unique with for all , and ; consequently is unimodular exactly when for every , i.e. exactly when is right invariant (Modular function of a locally compact group, Unimodular locally compact group).
A compact Hausdorff group has a left Haar probability measure, and that measure is right invariant (Normalized Haar probability on a compact group).
For a left Haar measure , for every Borel and every ; in an abelian group for all (Left Haar integral and left Haar measure).
Any two left Haar measures on an LCH group are positive scalar multiples on every Borel set (Uniqueness of left Haar measure up to scale).
On an LCH group with the discrete topology, counting measure is a left Haar measure and a right Haar measure, and every left Haar measure on it is a positive multiple of counting measure (Counting measure on a discrete group is Haar, Haar measures there are its multiples, and integrals against them are sums).
AC is assumed in the choice-function form of the cited definition (The Axiom of Choice).
Proof
Compact case. By [F2] and [A1] there is a left Haar probability on that is right invariant, so for every and every ; by [F4] there is with on Borel sets. Hence for every , so the scalar attached to by [F1] satisfies by its uniqueness, hence for every and is unimodular by [F1].
Abelian case. Fix and . Since and is left invariant, , so by the uniqueness in [F1]; as was arbitrary, and is unimodular.
Discrete case. Let be discrete and let be counting measure. By [F5] the measure is a left Haar measure and a right Haar measure on , and the fixed left Haar measure equals for some ; since is right invariant, so is , hence for every by the uniqueness in [F1] and .
Every compact, discrete or abelian LCH group therefore falls under one of steps 1.1–1.3 and is unimodular. ∎
Remarks
- Alternative compact argument. By The modular function is a continuous homomorphism the image is a compact subgroup of the multiplicative group . If then both and belong to for every ; boundedness of this compact image forces ; hence for compact as well.
- Choice cost. Only the compact case invokes the general Haar interface, which is where AC enters through [A1]; the discrete case rests on Counting measure on a discrete group is Haar, Haar measures there are its multiples, and integrals against them are sums, whose proportionality constant is pinned to without AC, and the abelian computation uses the fixed measure only.
Depends on
Unimodular locally compact group
Modular function of a locally compact group
The modular function is a continuous homomorphism
Normalized Haar probability on a compact group
Left Haar integral and left Haar measure
Uniqueness of left Haar measure up to scale
Counting measure on a discrete group is Haar, Haar measures there are its multiples, and integrals against them are sums
The Axiom of Choice