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The once-around circle path is not thin-contractible
Statement
Let with its regular-level-set smooth structure. For , , the morphism in is not the identity morphism at .
Statement references
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The unit circle , the smooth based loop above, and the thin-homotopy definition of Piecewise-smooth paths and thin homotopies.
Thin path groupoid: the identity morphism at a point is the class of its constant path.
A regular level set is an embedded submanifold: the nonempty regular level set is a smooth one-dimensional submanifold of .
A smooth differential -form: a smooth one-form is a smooth section of the cotangent bundle, so restriction of is a smooth one-form on .
The exterior derivative by the invariant vector-field formula: for a one-form , .
Stokes theorem for smooth singular chains: for a smooth differential form and a finite smooth singular chain , .
Integral of a form over a smooth singular simplex: on a smooth singular -simplex , .
Smooth singular simplex: a map from the standard simplex is a smooth singular simplex when it has a smooth extension to an open neighborhood of that simplex in its affine span.
The pullback of a differential form: for a smooth map , its pullback of a form is obtained by evaluating the form on the images of tangent vectors under .
Pullback of forms is smooth functorial and preserves wedges: pullback sends smooth forms to smooth forms.
The invariant exterior-derivative formula is -multilinear: the invariant formula is alternating and -multilinear, hence defines a smooth -form. In degree one, its values on a tangent frame determine the resulting two-form.
Proof
The map has derivative , which is nonzero on ; thus is a regular value and [F2] makes a smooth one-dimensional submanifold. Let be the ambient one-form on , let be inclusion, and put , which is defined by [F8] and smooth by [F9]. The global tangent field spans each tangent line and satisfies . By [F10], is a smooth two-form. By [F4], ; since spans each one-dimensional tangent space, this gives intrinsically on . Along , , so [F6] gives ; the constant loop has integral zero.
Suppose a thin homotopy joined to the constant loop while fixing the basepoint at the path endpoints. Parametrize every curvilinear triangle in its finite subdivision by the specified smooth map from the standard two-simplex and compose that parametrization with . By the smooth-up-to-boundary convention of Piecewise-smooth paths and thin homotopies, each composition has a smooth extension to a neighborhood of the standard simplex, so it is a smooth singular simplex by [F7]. Orient these finitely many simplices compatibly with the square and apply [F5] to each, then add the formulas. Each shared geometric edge occurs twice with opposite orientations. Choose one smooth reference parametrization for such an edge; the two oriented face restrictions are and the reverse of , for increasing smooth reparametrizations . By [F6] and one-variable substitution, their oriented integrals are and , so they cancel. The remaining terms are exactly the oriented square boundary under . Step 1.1 gives , hence Stokes gives zero for the total boundary integral. The two path edges have signed integral or because one is and the other is constant; the endpoint edges are constant and contribute zero. Thus the boundary integral is , a contradiction. Therefore is not the identity class.
Depends on
Thin path groupoid
Piecewise-smooth paths and thin homotopies
A regular level set is an embedded submanifold
A smooth differential -form
The exterior derivative by the invariant vector-field formula
The invariant exterior-derivative formula is -multilinear
The pullback of a differential form
Pullback of forms is smooth functorial and preserves wedges
Smooth singular simplex
Integral of a form over a smooth singular simplex
Stokes theorem for smooth singular chains