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PropositionStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-generatedPipeline-generatedprecheck passverified 2026-10-22 (gpt-6.1-sol)
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The once-around circle path is not thin-contractible

Statement

Let S1={(x,y)∈R2:x2+y2=1} with its regular-level-set smooth structure. For γ(t)=(cos⁡(2πt),sin⁡(2πt)), 0≤t≤1, the morphism [γ] in Π1thin(S1) is not the identity morphism at (1,0).

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The unit circle S1, the smooth based loop γ above, and the thin-homotopy definition of Piecewise-smooth paths and thin homotopies.

[F1]

Thin path groupoid: the identity morphism at a point is the class of its constant path.

[F2]

A regular level set is an embedded submanifold: the nonempty regular level set x2+y2=1 is a smooth one-dimensional submanifold of R2.

[F3]

A smooth differential k-form: a smooth one-form is a smooth section of the cotangent bundle, so restriction of x dy−y dx is a smooth one-form on S1.

[F4]

The exterior derivative by the invariant vector-field formula: for a one-form α, dα(X,Y)=X(α(Y))−Y(α(X))−α([X,Y]).

[F5]

Stokes theorem for smooth singular chains: for a smooth differential form α and a finite smooth singular chain c, ∫cdα=∫∂cα.

[F6]

Integral of a form over a smooth singular simplex: on a smooth singular 1-simplex σ:[0,1]→S1, ∫σα=∫01ασ(t)(σ˙(t)) dt.

[F7]

Smooth singular simplex: a map from the standard simplex is a smooth singular simplex when it has a smooth extension to an open neighborhood of that simplex in its affine span.

[F8]

The pullback of a differential form: for a smooth map ι, its pullback of a form is obtained by evaluating the form on the images of tangent vectors under dι.

[F9]

Pullback of forms is smooth functorial and preserves wedges: pullback sends smooth forms to smooth forms.

[F10]

The invariant exterior-derivative formula is C∞-multilinear: the invariant formula is alternating and C∞(M)-multilinear, hence defines a smooth (k+1)-form. In degree one, its values on a tangent frame determine the resulting two-form.

Proof

technique · direct
1.1givenF2F3F8F9F4F6F10algebra

The map f(x,y)=x2+y2 has derivative (2x,2y), which is nonzero on f−1(1); thus 1 is a regular value and [F2] makes S1 a smooth one-dimensional submanifold. Let α~=x dy−y dx be the ambient one-form on R2, let ι:S1↪R2 be inclusion, and put α=ι∗α~, which is defined by [F8] and smooth by [F9]. The global tangent field X=(−y,x)∣S1 spans each tangent line and satisfies α(X)=x2+y2=1. By [F10], dα is a smooth two-form. By [F4], dα(X,X)=X(α(X))−X(α(X))−α([X,X])=0; since X spans each one-dimensional tangent space, this gives dα=0 intrinsically on S1. Along γ, γ˙(t)=2πXγ(t), so [F6] gives ∫γα=∫012π dt=2π; the constant loop has integral zero.

2.1givenF1F5F6F7step 1.1assume-contradischarge-contradiction∎

Suppose a thin homotopy H:[0,1]2→S1 joined γ to the constant loop while fixing the basepoint at the path endpoints. Parametrize every curvilinear triangle in its finite subdivision by the specified smooth map from the standard two-simplex and compose that parametrization with H. By the smooth-up-to-boundary convention of Piecewise-smooth paths and thin homotopies, each composition has a smooth extension to a neighborhood of the standard simplex, so it is a smooth singular simplex by [F7]. Orient these finitely many simplices compatibly with the square and apply [F5] to each, then add the formulas. Each shared geometric edge occurs twice with opposite orientations. Choose one smooth reference parametrization σ for such an edge; the two oriented face restrictions are σ∘ϕ and the reverse of σ∘ψ, for increasing smooth reparametrizations ϕ,ψ:[0,1]→[0,1]. By [F6] and one-variable substitution, their oriented integrals are ∫σα and −∫σα, so they cancel. The remaining terms are exactly the oriented square boundary under H. Step 1.1 gives dα=0, hence Stokes gives zero for the total boundary integral. The two path edges have signed integral 2π or −2π because one is γ and the other is constant; the endpoint edges are constant and contribute zero. Thus the boundary integral is ±2π≠0, a contradiction. Therefore [γ] is not the identity class.

Depends on

Dependency tree · 2 levels

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