How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
The canonical bidual map is an isometry
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Choice. Let or . For every normed , the map is linear and for every . In particular it is injective.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The Axiom of Choice, The spaces, maps, scalar field, and hypotheses in the statement above. All duals consist of linear functionals over the ambient field; evaluation has no conjugation.
AC is used through the norming-functional supplier [F2] in step 2.1.
From The canonical evaluation map into the bidual, with its stated hypotheses: Let or . For a normed , define With the dual norm from def-dual-space-of-a-normed-space, evaluation is linear in and , so is a bounded functional on . The map is canonical and uses no chosen basis or conjugation.
From Every nonzero vector has a norming functional, with its stated hypotheses: Let be a normed space over or , and let be nonzero. Then there exists such that
Proof
For , evaluation gives for every . Also gives .
If , a norming satisfies and , so . For both norms are zero. Equality of norms now forces only for , including when is the zero space.