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Reported proved families for the classical conjecture
PDF p. 1: §1.1, opening paragraph
Statement
Let be a finite-rank Coxeter system, let be its classical complexified arrangement complement, and let be the associated Artin–Tits group. The classical assertion says that is a classifying space for : it has fundamental group and contractible universal cover. Here the quotient uses the universal-cover convention for . Its Salvetti quotient is a connected CW model homotopy equivalent to it; equivalently, with the induced group identification and for every , so is a in the CW-complex definition.
The article reports this assertion as proved for spherical, FC and affine types, and cites further cases [11,19,23] without specifying them in that paragraph. Spherical type means that is finite. FC type means that every subset for which all Coxeter labels with are finite generates a finite subgroup .
A Coxeter system is irreducible when its Coxeter diagram is connected. An irreducible system is affine when its Coxeter form is positive semidefinite of corank one, as in the affine-form convention. The standard diagrams in the four families are for , for , for , and for ; the exceptional types are , , , , and . These exhaust the irreducible affine systems. Here the names denote the standard labelled Coxeter diagrams, including the two-vertex infinity-labelled diagram .
For disconnected systems, use the componentwise convention: affine type means a nonempty finite disjoint union of irreducible affine diagrams. The assertion holds for these reducible affine cases as well, and also when spherical components are included. The finite-product deduction is given below; the irreducible affine theorem is an imported result.
Statement references
Coxeter-system, roots, length and weak-order conventions
Classical complexified hyperplane complement
Artin–Tits group, pure subgroup and positive lifts
Coxeter diagrams: edges, labels, components and finite type
Irreducible affine Coxeter type: the corank-one form, the radical quotient, and the affine slice
The standard affine diagrams A-tilde, B-tilde, C-tilde, D-tilde, E-tilde, F-tilde and G-tilde
Classification of affine Coxeter diagrams and their Euclidean simplex realization
Independent Salvetti homotopy-model input
Coverings preserve the higher-homotopy obstruction to K(pi,1)
Homotopy equivalences, homotopy inverses and spaces of the same homotopy type
External input
The spherical and FC results and the irreducible affine theorem are imported from the references of Paris and Paolini–Salvetti. Their proofs are not reconstructed here.
Paris uses the same product complement and universal-cover convention (pp. 361–362, 368–369). His Corollary 3.4 and quotient-cell description (pp. 394, 398) supply the CW model, using the Coxeter instance of Independent Salvetti homotopy-model input. Hatcher, §1.B and §4.2 p. 365, supplies the covering and CW equivalence: a lifted model equivalence gives a CW homotopy type for the universal cover, and its contractibility is then equivalent to vanishing higher homotopy groups. The CW-model interpretation also uses Coverings preserve the higher-homotopy obstruction to K(pi,1) and Eilenberg--Mac Lane space. These are cited topological inputs, not an assertion that the quotient itself has been given a CW structure.
For the affine input, the Euclidean orbit configuration space in Paolini–Salvetti is distinguished from the canonical Tits-cone quotient. The existing affine-realization theorem Classification of affine Coxeter diagrams and their Euclidean simplex realization supplies the slice and its tiling; steps 1.1, 2.1 and 3.1 give a local equivariant comparison, including the affine pair-coordinate change. No realization-independence theorem is assumed.
Facts & Assumptions
The components of the Coxeter diagram partition , and the corresponding Coxeter groups and canonical representations split as finite products and orthogonal sums. Each factor acts trivially on the other summands. Coxeter diagrams: edges, labels, components and finite type Disconnected diagrams, direct products, and comparison of invariant forms
Root hyperplanes are kernels of root evaluation, the closed chamber is the nonnegative simple-root-coordinate orthant, and the Tits cone is the union of its translates. The complement removes from the product of the cone interiors. Coxeter-system, roots, length and weak-order conventions Reflecting hyperplanes, fundamental chamber and Tits cone Classical complexified hyperplane complement
A spherical component satisfies the classical assertion by the spherical result reported by Paris, pp. 370–371. For an irreducible affine Euclidean reflection realization, write for the quotient of the complement of its complexified reflecting hyperplanes. Paolini–Salvetti, §2.1 and Theorem 8.15, supplies the assertion that has contractible universal cover. These are imported premises; the comparison with our canonical quotient is proved below.
A finite product of spaces with contractible universal covers has the product universal cover and again has a contractible universal cover: Hatcher, Example 1B.5. The fundamental group of our quotient is by Artin–Tits group, pure subgroup and positive lifts.
For a connected affine-form system with the Coxeter form and simple-root basis of [F2], there is a positive radical vector with every . The canonical dual action on is a faithful Euclidean reflection action. Its closed fundamental simplex is , with facets , and the translates of this simplex cover . The labelled action is similar to the matching crystallographic affine reflection realization. These are clauses (2)–(3) of Classification of affine Coxeter diagrams and their Euclidean simplex realization.
Proof
Given: A finite-rank system whose nonempty diagram components are spherical or irreducible affine, the imported results [F3], and the affine realization [F5].
Goal: Compare the canonical and Euclidean affine quotients and then establish the finite-product deduction.
First consider an irreducible affine component, using [F5] to choose and . Each simple reflection fixes , since in the reflection formula of [F2]; hence all of fixes it and evaluation at is invariant under the dual action. For , positivity of every shows , with equality only for . Thus the same holds on every translate of . Conversely, if , then lies in , and the tiling in [F5] puts in some . Multiplication by then puts in . Consequently and ; zero is not interior because and every neighbourhood of zero contains a functional negative on . Radial normalization is the homeomorphism from to , with inverse . It is -equivariant with trivial action on .
Write for the component vertex sets and . By [F1], and the dual representation splits into the component dual spaces. Every root lies in a single component summand, because a simple root does and the other factors act trivially. Thus each reflecting hyperplane is a component hyperplane times all the other dual spaces. The closed chamber is the product of the component closed chambers by its coordinate description in [F2]. Taking translates gives the product of the component Tits cones; since there are finitely many factors, taking interiors gives the product of their interiors. The condition that a pair avoid every is therefore exactly the corresponding condition in each factor. Hence with componentwise action. The induced bijection is a homeomorphism: each orbit map is open, since the preimage of the image of an open set is the union of its translates, and the finite product of these open quotient maps is again an open quotient map.
Put , the direction space of . Choose an origin to describe its complexification as points with and , meaning coordinates . For set and . Equivariance of root evaluation gives , so [F5] identifies the traces with exactly the Euclidean reflection hyperplanes on . Their complexifications have equations . Since the original hyperplanes are linear, the two radial normalizations in step 1.1 identify with , where consists of pairs for which no has . Now is a homeomorphism from to the Euclidean complexified reflection complement : its inverse is , and proves the required equivalence of the excluded sets. If is the linear part of the affine action on , then , so this map intertwines the diagonal pair action with the complexified affine action . Thus the comparison is -equivariant.
Passing to orbits in step 2.1 gives with . This is a homeomorphism: an equivariant homeomorphism descends with its inverse, and the orbit map on is open because the saturation of an open set is a union of translates, so its product with the identity on is an open quotient map. By [F5] the slice is an irreducible affine Euclidean reflection realization, exactly the hypothesis of the imported theorem [F3]. Let be its contractible universal cover. The convex space is contractible and simply connected, so [F4] gives the universal cover of the canonical quotient. It is contractible by contracting the positive coordinates linearly to and using a contraction of . This establishes the canonical assertion for each irreducible affine component without reconstructing the imported theorem.
Every factor quotient in step 1.2 has contractible universal cover: use [F3] for spherical components and step 3.1 for irreducible affine components. Apply [F4] to their finite product. Its universal cover is the product of the component covers and is contractible, with a contraction given coordinatewise. Its fundamental group is by [F4], so it is a classifying space for in the stated convention. If is empty, the complement and quotient are points, giving the same conclusion with trivial . This proves the reducible affine and mixed spherical–affine cases while leaving the spherical, FC and Euclidean irreducible affine theorems as imported inputs.
Remarks
This is the article's historical report, not a complete enumeration of known cases. Its reference numbers [11,19,23] are retained as attribution to the article's bibliography, without assigning individual conclusions to them here. The affine definitions, CW-model clarification, canonical-to-Euclidean comparison and finite-product argument are generated exposition, not claims of additional argument in the original article.
Depends on
- Coxeter-system, roots, length and weak-order conventions
- Classical complexified hyperplane complement
- Artin–Tits group, pure subgroup and positive lifts
- Eilenberg--Mac Lane space
- Coxeter diagrams: edges, labels, components and finite type
- Irreducible affine Coxeter type: the corank-one form, the radical quotient, and the affine slice
- The standard affine diagrams A-tilde, B-tilde, C-tilde, D-tilde, E-tilde, F-tilde and G-tilde
- Classification of affine Coxeter diagrams and their Euclidean simplex realization
- Disconnected diagrams, direct products, and comparison of invariant forms
- Reflecting hyperplanes, fundamental chamber and Tits cone
- Independent Salvetti homotopy-model input
- Coverings preserve the higher-homotopy obstruction to K(pi,1)
- Homotopy equivalences, homotopy inverses and spaces of the same homotopy type
- Proof of the K(pi,1) conjecture for affine Artin groups · §1, Main Theorem; §2.1, Euclidean reflection realizations, affine-classification paragraph and Figure 1, definitions of Y and Y_W and Conjecture 2.1; §8, Theorem 8.15
- K(pi,1) conjecture for Artin groups · Introduction, printed pp. 361–362; §1, pp. 368–371, Theorem 1.2 and Conjecture 1.3; §3.2, Corollary 3.4, p. 394; §3.3, quotient CW decomposition, p. 398; §5, Corollary 5.8, p. 412
- Allen Hatcher, Algebraic Topology, Chapter 1 · §1.B, definition on printed p. 87; Examples 1B.5–1B.6, p. 88
- Allen Hatcher, Algebraic Topology, Chapter 4 · §4.2, Eilenberg–MacLane Spaces, opening paragraph, printed p. 365
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External dependencies
For an irreducible affine Coxeter group acting by Euclidean reflections, the orbit configuration space Y_W, defined in §2.1 as the quotient of the complexified reflection-hyperplane complement, is a classifying space for its fundamental group G_W. Section 2.1 lists the four infinite affine families and five exceptional types and recalls the spherical and FC results.
Hypotheses: W is irreducible affine, in a faithful Euclidean reflection realization. The declared affine-realization theorem supplies such a realization on the canonical affine slice. Steps 1.1, 2.1 and 3.1 below compare its orbit configuration space with the canonical Tits-cone quotient; reducible cases use the later finite-product argument.
Reading limits: Read the Main Theorem, §2.1 through its Salvetti-model paragraph, Figure 1 caption and type labels, and Theorem 8.15 with its concluding proof. No prerequisite proofs or diagram graphics were reviewed. The canonical-to-Euclidean comparison below is a local argument, not a reconstruction of the affine K(pi,1) theorem.
The survey uses the contractible-universal-cover definition for the product-complement quotient, identifies its fundamental group, supplies a homotopy-equivalent Salvetti quotient with a CW structure, reports the spherical case, and states the FC result and its finite-parabolic definition.
Hypotheses: Finite Coxeter generating set and its canonical Vinberg realization; the complement is (I×I) minus the union of H×H. The spherical and FC conclusions require their respective type hypotheses.
Reading limits: Read these definitions, result statements, historical passages and quotient-cell description. No spherical, FC or Salvetti-comparison proof was reviewed.
The K(G,1) convention uses a contractible universal cover. Finite products preserve this property, with product universal covers. Homotopy lifting compares universal covers of homotopy-equivalent spaces in the example.
Hypotheses: Path-connected spaces admitting universal covers; a finite product for the product assertion. The application here is to finite-dimensional quotient manifolds and their CW models.
Reading limits: Read the definition and Examples 1B.5–1B.6 only. The book is used for the stated convention and covering facts, not to prove any Artin-group case.
For n=1, vanishing higher homotopy groups is equivalent to contractibility of the universal cover when that cover has CW homotopy type.
Hypotheses: The space admits a universal cover of CW homotopy type. Here a lifted Salvetti-model homotopy equivalence supplies that hypothesis.
Reading limits: Read only the opening definition-and-equivalence paragraph, not the later existence or uniqueness arguments.
Sources
- Normalisers of parabolic subgroups of Artin–Tits groups and Tits cone intersections · PDF p. 1, §1.1, opening paragraph
- Proof of the K(pi,1) conjecture for affine Artin groups · §1, Main Theorem; §2.1, Euclidean reflection realizations, affine-classification paragraph and Figure 1, definitions of Y and Y_W and Conjecture 2.1; §8, Theorem 8.15
- K(pi,1) conjecture for Artin groups · Introduction, printed pp. 361–362; §1, pp. 368–371, Theorem 1.2 and Conjecture 1.3; §3.2, Corollary 3.4, p. 394; §3.3, quotient CW decomposition, p. 398; §5, Corollary 5.8, p. 412
- Allen Hatcher, Algebraic Topology, Chapter 1 · §1.B, definition on printed p. 87; Examples 1B.5–1B.6, p. 88
- Allen Hatcher, Algebraic Topology, Chapter 4 · §4.2, Eilenberg–MacLane Spaces, opening paragraph, printed p. 365