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Differential exclusion of a large interior weighted angle maximum

Statement

For the temporal angle data, suppose α≥a0>0. On {τ>0,v>2} assume ΔΣlog⁡v≥14∣∇Σlog⁡v∣2−Cv2 and ∣ΔΣτ∣≤Cv2 with C≥1. If T>0, choose μ>4 so that (μ2/4−μ)a02≥2C(T2+μT). Then τμv has no local maximum in the interior positive-height region where v>2. The logarithmic inequality may be obtained from the hyperbolic-angle inequality by the conversion lemma.

Facts & Assumptions

[F1]

The tangential gradient identity gives ∣∇Στ∣2≥a02(v2−1). Temporal angle and tangential height gradient identity

[F2]

The operators and height bound τ≤T are those in Temporal normal angle and compact positive-height portions; the conversion from η=arcosh⁡v to log⁡v is From hyperbolic angle to logarithmic angle inequalities. The two differential inequalities are assumptions of this lemma.

[F3]

In an open Euclidean coordinate domain, a C2 function at an interior local maximum has zero differential and a negative semidefinite matrix of second partial derivatives. The Hessian is negative semidefinite at an interior local maximum The metric-dual gradient and coordinate identity (Hess⁡hf)ij=∂i∂jf−Γkij∂kf are Gradient hessian and divergence connection formulas. The positive-trace convention is ΔΣf=tr⁡hHess⁡hf. Laplace–Beltrami operator as the trace of the Hessian

[F4]

Apply the scalar sum, product, quotient and chain rules in each coordinate. Sum, product, quotient, and chain rules from difference quotients For s>0, (log⁡s)′=1/s and log⁡s=∫1sdt/t, so the logarithm is smooth and strictly increasing there. The natural logarithm has derivative 1/x and equals the integral from 1 to x of 1/t

[F5]

For a>0 and r∈R, define ar=exp⁡(rlog⁡a) as in Real powers for positive bases, with the zero-base positive-exponent convention. The exponential maps R into (0,∞) and log⁡(exp⁡s)=s for every real s, as recorded in The natural logarithm as the inverse of the exponential function; hence ar>0 and log⁡(ar)=rlog⁡a. For x,y>0, log⁡(xy)=log⁡x+log⁡y by Order, continuity, range, and the product, quotient, and reciprocal laws for the natural logarithm.

Proof

Given: The displayed bounds and choice of μ. Goal: Exclude an interior local maximum with v>2.

1.1F2F3F4F5givenalgebra

Suppose p is an interior local maximum of τμv with τ(p)>0 and v(p)>2. In a neighborhood with these strict inequalities put f=log⁡v+μlog⁡τ. By [F5], τμ>0 and f=log⁡(τμv) there. By [F4], f is smooth and has a local maximum at p. Apply the Euclidean extremum test in [F3] to its coordinate representation in an interior chart: df(p)=0 and the matrix (∂i∂jf)(p) is negative semidefinite. The connection term in the coordinate Hessian formula vanishes because df(p)=0. Thus Hess⁡hf(p) is negative semidefinite, ∇Σf(p)=0, and ΔΣf(p)=∑a=13Hess⁡hf(ea,ea)≤0 for an hp-orthonormal basis (ea).

2.1F2F3F4step 1.1givenalgebra

By the coordinate scalar rules and the Hessian and trace formulas in [F3] and [F4], ∇Σlog⁡τ=∇Στ/τ and ΔΣlog⁡τ=ΔΣτ/τ−∣∇Στ∣2/τ2. At p, step 1.1 therefore gives ∇Σlog⁡v=−μ∇Στ/τ. Substituting this into the assumed inequalities gives 0≥ΔΣf≥(μ2/4−μ)∣∇Στ∣2/τ2−Cv2(1+μ/τ).

3.1F1F2step 1.1step 2.1algebra∎

Multiply by τ2>0 and use [F1]. Put A=T2+μT>0. The lower bound from step 2.1 is at least 2CA(v2−1)−C(τ2+μτ)v2≥CA(v2−2)>0, since 0<τ≤T and v>2. This contradicts Δf≤0. Such a μ exists because the left side of its required inequality is quadratic in μ and the right side is affine.

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