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Pole identities and the Ernst scalar inequality reduction

PDF p. 28: Proof of Proposition 5.1, second condition; PDF p. 29: Completion of proof of Proposition 5.1

Statement

Adopt the stationary vacuum model and regular non-degenerate stationary construction, with original exterior section spacelike and maximal, ADM mass one, and stationary Killing field T not identically zero on the bifurcation sphere S. Use the supplied normalized Ernst potential σ=f+iψ, where f=−g(T,T) and ψ is real, the single regular Harrison family, and its limiting metric g0 and real electromagnetic two-form F0. Let p∈S be the supplied common zero of T and the local axial field Z. Put D0=∣1−σ∣2, d0=D0(p), and A0v=v+D0−1W0(v)T, where W0 is the supplied invariant Harrison one-form. Let ∇ and ∇(0) be the Levi–Civita connections of g and g0, respectively; let F=∇T♭+i⋆g∇T♭, with (∇T♭)ab=∇aTb.

At p, d0>0, A0=id⁡, f=0, g0=(d0/4)g, and σ‾=−σ. Thus, at p,

F=−1−σ1+σ(F0+i⋆g0F0).

For any future unit timelike normal n and outward unit spacelike normal ν to S at p, orthogonal to one another and normalized using g0, one has

g(∇nT,ν)=Re⁡1−σ(p)1+σ(p)=2Re⁡11−σ(p)−1.

Also ∇n(0)T=∇nT and g(∇nT,ν)=(4/d0)g0(∇n(0)T,ν) at p. The common quantity is strictly positive; equivalently Re⁡(1/(1−σ(p)))>1/2.

Facts & Assumptions

[A1]

The model, regular construction, maximal section, mass normalization, and nontriviality of T∣S are those in the Statement. Stationary vacuum model and asymptotic normalization Regular non-degenerate stationary vacuum spacetime Spacelike sections, maximality and lapse–shift data Mass-one convention and Harrison denominator

[F1]

The Ernst and complex-form conventions define f, σ, the Killing two-form, and the metric-dependent Hodge stars. The Harrison definition supplies A0 and g0=(D0/4)A0∗g. Killing two-form and normalized Ernst notation Complex self-dual forms and metric-dependent contraction Stationary Harrison one-form and metric

[F2]

The denominator is positive near S. On S the inverse Harrison relation is F=−((1−σ)/(1−σ‾))(A0−1)∗(F0+i⋆g0F0). Positivity of the Harrison denominator and horizon bound Inverse Harrison relation and Killing-scalar identity

[F3]

In every oriented g0-orthonormal frame with future and outward normal vectors n,ν, the limiting normal form has F0(n,ν)=−1 and (⋆g0F0)(n,ν)=0. Boost invariance and limiting Maxwell normal form

[F4]

Locally K=T+ΩHZ is a Killing field vanishing on S; Z has a 2π-periodic isometric flow and vanishes at p. At S, the normal action of v↦∇vK is a boost of rate κ>0, taking the future unit normal to κ times the outward unit normal. Local Hawking and axial fields, boost and pole

[F5]

The local flows of K and Z preserve T, σ and the supplied one-form W0; they also preserve g. Local Hawking and axial fields, boost and pole Invariant Ernst data and smooth K-invariant gauge

Proof

Given: The model, construction, pole and normal frame in the Statement.

Goal: Prove the pole identities, the normal-derivative formula, and its strict positivity.

1.1givenF1F2

At p, T=0 gives f=0 and A0=id⁡. Since σ=f+iψ with real ψ, σ‾=−σ there. The metric formula gives g0=(d0/4)g, and denominator positivity gives d0>0. Substitution into the inverse relation yields the displayed pole relation; in particular 1−σ and 1+σ=1−σ‾ are nonzero.

2.1F1F3step 1.1algebra

Evaluate the real part of the pole relation on (n,ν). By the normal form its right-hand side has real value Re⁡((1−σ)/(1+σ)). The real part of F(n,ν) is (∇nT♭)(ν)=g(∇nT,ν). Because σ is purely imaginary at p, 1/(1−σ) and 1/(1+σ) are conjugates, so the displayed real part equals 2Re⁡(1/(1−σ))−1. The difference of two connections applied to T is tensorial and vanishes where T=0; hence ∇n(0)T=∇nT at p, and the metric scaling gives the stated contraction identity.

2.2F1F4F5step 1.1

The flows of K and Z preserve g0: they preserve every factor in the Harrison metric formula. Let ϕt be the flow of Z, fixing p. Since K=T+ΩHZ and this flow preserves T, [Z,K]=0. Thus its differential Pt=(dϕt)p commutes with the differential of the K-flow at p, and hence with its infinitesimal generator B(v)=∇vK∣p. Since K∣S=0, B vanishes on TpS; the Killing equation makes B skew with respect to g, so it preserves the g-normal plane. Its restriction there is the supplied nonzero boost, which is invertible, giving ker⁡B=TpS. Commutation therefore makes Pt preserve TpS and, because Pt is a g-isometry, its g-orthogonal normal plane. The positive conformal relation at p makes this the g0-normal plane as well. The continuous family Pt, starting at the identity, preserves its future cone. At the fixed point p, average any future g0-unit timelike normal over this periodic differential action. In an orthonormal normal frame, each averaged vector has time component larger than the absolute value of its spatial component; compactness and the triangle inequality make the average future timelike. Normalize it to obtain an invariant future unit normal nˉ, and let νˉ be its outward unit orthogonal normal. Differentiating the fixed vector relation under the flow gives ∇nˉ(0)Z=0 at p, since Z(p)=0.

3.1F4step 1.1step 2.1step 2.2algebra∎

At p, the connection difference also vanishes on K, because K(p)=0. Thus the supplied boost action holds for ∇(0)K as well. The two metrics are positive constant multiples at this point, so their future/outward normal planes agree and the same boost rate sends nˉ to κνˉ. Using K=T+ΩHZ and step 2.2 gives g0(∇nˉ(0)T,νˉ)=κ>0. Step 2.1 therefore gives the positive value 4κ/d0 for the scalar expression. Since that expression is independent of the chosen oriented normal frame, the same positivity holds for the original n,ν, proving the inequality.

Source notes

The original article is cited for attribution of the pole calculation. The proof above uses the stated completed suppliers and does not use the article's assertion as a premise.

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