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Local Hawking and axial fields, boost and pole

PDF p. 8: §2.1 pole; §2.4 local rigidity; §5 opening; PDF p. 11: §2.1 pole; §2.4 local rigidity; §5 opening; PDF p. 28: §2.1 pole; §2.4 local rigidity; §5 opening

Statement

Adopt Stationary vacuum model and asymptotic normalization and the regular stationary vacuum data of Regular non-degenerate stationary vacuum spacetime, with T∣S≢0 and maximal outer section Σ0∩E, as in the standing construction setting. Near S there are smooth Killing fields K,Z and a constant ΩH with K=T+ΩHZ, K∣S=0, and [T,K]=[T,Z]=[K,Z]=0. The field Z generates a nontrivial circle action with least positive common period 2π. There is a pole p∈S with Z(p)=T(p)=0. For a constant κ>0, on the nonzero-generator part of H+ one has ∇KK=κK and d(g(K,K))=−2κg(K,⋅); on H− one has ∇KK=−κK. The equations extend smoothly as zero equations at S, but do not there determine a scalar by themselves. In the normal basis with future unit time direction and outward direction into the exterior, ∇K has boost matrix κ(0110) on S. After shrinking the common neighborhood, there are smooth nowhere-zero future-directed affine null normal generators L on H+ and L‾ on H−, and smooth branch parameters u‾ and u, respectively, with L(u‾)=L‾(u)=1, ∇LL=∇L‾L‾=0, and parameter zero sets exactly S. Their profiles are K=κu‾L on H+ and K=−κuL‾ on H−. In particular, K is tangent and normal to both branches. The field K is nonzero on the two local branches off S. These are local conclusions, not a smooth global axial extension theorem. The standing mass normalization does not enter this local argument.

Statement references

Facts & Assumptions

[A1]

The vacuum/stationary model, the regular-spacetime definition and maximality of the specified outer section are the physical and geometric assumptions. Stationary vacuum model and asymptotic normalization Regular non-degenerate stationary vacuum spacetime Spacelike sections, maximality and lapse–shift data

[A2]

Work in ZFC with the inherited geometric and causal choice conventions. The Axiom of Choice

[F1]

The completed lapse/product result gives C=Σ0∩E={r>1}, the global stationary-flow diffeomorphism R×C→E, and the positive lapse N solving ΔhN=∣k∣h2N, with zero boundary and unit end limit. The exterior Hopf-control supplier gives ν(N)>0 at every boundary point. Remark 1.3: lapse bounds and stationary product Exterior Schrödinger maximum principles, Hopf growth and Harnack

[F3]

The existing local rigidity input and the independently cited AIK affine data give K0, [T,K0]=0 and periodic Z0=T+λ0K0 after the pre-rigidity hypotheses have been established. Use the source labels N=H+ and N‾=H−. On these respective sheets the source profiles are K0=u‾L and K0=−uL‾, where L,L‾ are future-directed affine generators, L(u‾)=L‾(u)=1, and the parameters vanish on S. The detailed source is AIK §2 and Proposition 3.1, (3.1), together with its §4 extension and §5 Propositions 5.1–5.2. Hawking and rotational fields near a bifurcate sphere Regular bifurcate null horizon data before rigidity

[F4]

External input

AIK Theorems 1.1–1.2, Proposition 3.1/(3.1), and §§4–5 supply the full-neighborhood Killing field with the affine profiles in [F3], its commutation with T, and periodic Z0=T+λ0K0, under the established regular non-expanding local-pair hypotheses and T∣S≢0. This is the imported PDE/periodicity existence input from AIK. In applying it, label the source sheets N=H+ and N‾=H−. The axis supplier in [F2] identifies their future null directions at S as n+ν and n−ν, respectively. Thus L is a positive multiple of n+ν and L‾ a positive multiple of n−ν, with g(L,L‾)=−1 at S. The source parameters satisfy u‾=0 on H− and u=0 on H+; their restrictions to the opposite sheets are affine parameters with zero set exactly S after shrinking. This fixes the canonical field to have eigenvalue +1 on n+ν and −1 on n−ν, as calculated in step 3.1. If starting with exchanged source labels, replace K0 and λ0 simultaneously by their negatives; Z0=T+λ0K0 and K=−λ0K0 are unchanged. The source is not claimed to establish λ0≠0 or its sign; those are derived below from the existing lapse/product suppliers.

Proof

[A1] The vacuum/stationary model, the regular-spacetime definition and maximality of the specified outer section are the physical and geometric assumptions. Stationary vacuum model and asymptotic normalization Regular non-degenerate stationary vacuum spacetime Spacelike sections, maximality and lapse–shift data

[A2] Work in ZFC with the inherited geometric and causal choice conventions. The Axiom of Choice

[F1] The completed lapse/product result gives C=Σ0∩E={r>1}, the global stationary-flow diffeomorphism R×C→E, and the positive lapse N solving ΔhN=∣k∣h2N, with zero boundary and unit end limit. The exterior Hopf-control supplier gives ν(N)>0 at every boundary point. Remark 1.3: lapse bounds and stationary product Exterior Schrödinger maximum principles, Hopf growth and Harnack

[F3] The existing local rigidity input and the independently cited AIK affine data give K0, [T,K0]=0 and periodic Z0=T+λ0K0 after the pre-rigidity hypotheses have been established. Use the source labels N=H+ and N‾=H−. On these respective sheets the source profiles are K0=u‾L and K0=−uL‾, where L,L‾ are future-directed affine generators, L(u‾)=L‾(u)=1, and the parameters vanish on S. The detailed source is AIK §2 and Proposition 3.1, (3.1), together with its §4 extension and §5 Propositions 5.1–5.2. Hawking and rotational fields near a bifurcate sphere Regular bifurcate null horizon data before rigidity

[F4] The other five helpers establish event-boundary generator data, the nonzero coefficient from stationary-product injectivity, a circle pole with trivial normal action, the boost form, and the positive lapse/boost identity. Smooth event-boundary branches are achronal null geodesic sheets A stationary product rules out a zero Hawking coefficient A circle action on a sphere has a pole with trivial normal action A Killing field vanishing on a spacelike surface has a normal boost derivative The coefficient-one horizon generator inherits the positive lapse derivative

AIK Theorems 1.1–1.2, Proposition 3.1/(3.1), and §§4–5 supply the full-neighborhood Killing field with the affine profiles in [F3], its commutation with T, and periodic Z0=T+λ0K0, under the established regular non-expanding local-pair hypotheses and T∣S≢0. This is the imported PDE/periodicity existence input from AIK. In applying it, label the source sheets N=H+ and N‾=H−. The axis supplier in [F2] identifies their future null directions at S as n+ν and n−ν, respectively. Thus L is a positive multiple of n+ν and L‾ a positive multiple of n−ν, with g(L,L‾)=−1 at S. The source parameters satisfy u‾=0 on H− and u=0 on H+; their restrictions to the opposite sheets are affine parameters with zero set exactly S after shrinking. This fixes the canonical field to have eigenvalue +1 on n+ν and −1 on n−ν, as calculated in step 3.1. If starting with exchanged source labels, replace K0 and λ0 simultaneously by their negatives; Z0=T+λ0K0 and K=−λ0K0 are unchanged. The source is not claimed to establish λ0≠0 or its sign; those are derived below from the existing lapse/product suppliers.

Given: The data and hypotheses in the Statement.

Goal: Establish the stated conclusions under exactly those hypotheses.

1.1A1A2F1F2F3

Apply [F1] under [A1]. Its identification of C supplies the spacelike exterior collar of S, while regularity supplies the two smooth transverse non-expanding chronological end-boundaries. The five geometry lemmas in [F2] therefore establish the full local AIK pair definition, including the local causal-boundary condition rather than adding it as an extra assumption. Apply [F3] to obtain K0 and the periodic Z0=T+λ0K0.

2.1F1F3F4F5step 1.1

The local symmetry neighborhood meets the exterior collar. The stationary-product lemma in [F4], using the diffeomorphism in [F1], gives λ0≠0. The common-period subgroup of the nontrivial local Z0 action is closed and has no positive periods tending to zero: otherwise differentiation at a point where Z0≠0 would force that vector to vanish. Its positive infimum is consequently a least period P; division by P shows every period is an integer multiple. Set r=P/(2π) and Z=rZ0. Then Z has least positive common period 2π. Put K=−λ0K0=T−Z0=T−r−1Z, so ΩH=−r−1; reversing the orientation of Z reverses the sign of ΩH without changing K. Constant linearity and [T,K0]=0 give every asserted commutator.

3.1F1F2F3F4F5step 2.1

The circle-pole lemma in [F4] gives p∈S with Z(p)=T(p)=0 and ∇νZ=0. The axis lemma in [F2] identifies H+ with a−b=0 and H− with a+b=0 in the normal tube exp⁡s(an+bν), so their future generator lines at S are R+(n+ν) and R+(n−ν), respectively. With the source labels fixed in [F3], the imported affine profiles give, on S, ∇LK0=L(u‾)L=L and ∇L‾K0=−L‾(u)L‾=−L‾; the terms containing the vanishing affine parameters are zero. Thus ∇n+νK0=n+ν and ∇n−νK0=−(n−ν) at every point of S. Subtracting these equations and dividing by two gives ∇νK0=n; adding gives ∇nK0=ν. Since K=−λ0K0=T−r−1Z, the normalized-boost lemma with [F1] now gives −λ0=ν(N)∣p>0. Thus c=−λ0 is a positive constant with the required coefficient of T.

4.1F3F4F5step 2.1step 3.1∎

On H+ the source profile in [F3] gives K=cu‾L, with L(u‾)=1 and ∇LL=0, so ∇KK=c2u‾L=cK. On H− it gives K=−cuL‾, with L‾(u)=1 and ∇L‾L‾=0, so ∇KK=c2uL‾=−cK. Equivalently these are the signed affine-profile conclusions of the normalized-boost supplier in [F4], whose profile and normalization hypotheses were verified in step 3.1. Its Killing covector identity gives d(g(K,K))=−2c g(K,⋅) on H+ and the opposite sign on H−. The imported affine parameters have zero set exactly S, and the generators are nowhere zero, so K is nonzero on either branch off S. The normal eigenvalue calculation in step 3.1 holds at every point of S with this same constant c, giving the boost matrix with κ=c>0; the existing normal-boost supplier then gives the corresponding flow action. At S the acceleration equations are merely their smooth zero extensions. This proves every original local assertion with its stationary and periodic normalizations.

Depends on

Used by · 21

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External dependencies

S. Alexakis, A. D. Ionescu and S. Klainerman, Hawking’s local rigidity theorem without analyticity · §1 Theorems 1.1–1.2, pp.1–2; §2 affine null setup, pp.4–5, (2.1)–(2.4); Proposition 3.1, p.7, (3.1); §4 extension, pp.10–11 and conclusion p.15; §5 Propositions 5.1–5.2, pp.16–17

For a local regular bifurcate non-expanding horizon pair in a connected oriented smooth four-dimensional Ricci-flat spacetime, AIK constructs a field K0 with K0=underline(u)L on N and K0=-u underline(L) on underline(N), using future affine generators with L(underline(u))=underline(L)(u)=1 and both parameters zero on S. The field extends as a Killing field to a full neighborhood. For a Killing field T tangent to both branches and not identically zero on S, [T,K0]=0 and Z0=T+lambda0 K0 has a common positive period on a smaller neighborhood.

Hypotheses: Embedded spacelike two-sphere; regular achronal null sheets generated orthogonally from S and forming its local causal boundary; both sheets non-expanding; Ric(g)=0; connected oriented smooth four-dimensional spacetime. The source null pair is future directed with g(L,underline(L))=-1 on S, parallel transported along the respective generators; its affine parameters vanish on S. The rotational conclusion additionally requires T Killing, tangent to both sheets and not identically zero on S. Assigning N to the event branch H+ and underline(N) to H- is the local application convention justified by the axis supplier, not an extra source hypothesis.

Reading limits: For this adjudication read the retained arXiv:0902.1173v1 PDF at pp.1–2,4–5,7,10–11,15–17: setup, theorem statements, affine data (3.1), extension construction/conclusion and commutation/periodicity statements. Visually inspected pp.5 and 7 to distinguish underlined symbols; the source HTML was also consulted. Did not reconstruct the characteristic PDE, unique-continuation or sphere-periodicity proofs. The event-branch identification, eigenvalue calculation and positive coefficient are local applications of these data and the existing suppliers, not additional assertions attributed to AIK.

Sources