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Local Hawking and axial fields, boost and pole
PDF p. 8: §2.1 pole; §2.4 local rigidity; §5 opening; PDF p. 11: §2.1 pole; §2.4 local rigidity; §5 opening; PDF p. 28: §2.1 pole; §2.4 local rigidity; §5 opening
Statement
Adopt Stationary vacuum model and asymptotic normalization and the regular stationary vacuum data of Regular non-degenerate stationary vacuum spacetime, with and maximal outer section , as in the standing construction setting. Near there are smooth Killing fields and a constant with , , and . The field generates a nontrivial circle action with least positive common period . There is a pole with . For a constant , on the nonzero-generator part of one has and ; on one has . The equations extend smoothly as zero equations at , but do not there determine a scalar by themselves. In the normal basis with future unit time direction and outward direction into the exterior, has boost matrix on . After shrinking the common neighborhood, there are smooth nowhere-zero future-directed affine null normal generators on and on , and smooth branch parameters and , respectively, with , , and parameter zero sets exactly . Their profiles are on and on . In particular, is tangent and normal to both branches. The field is nonzero on the two local branches off . These are local conclusions, not a smooth global axial extension theorem. The standing mass normalization does not enter this local argument.
Statement references
Stationary vacuum model and asymptotic normalization
Regular non-degenerate stationary vacuum spacetime
Spacelike sections, maximality and lapse–shift data
Remark 1.3: lapse bounds and stationary product
Exterior Schrödinger maximum principles, Hopf growth and Harnack
Regular bifurcate null horizon data before rigidity
Hawking and rotational fields near a bifurcate sphere
Periodic isometries and invariant normal averaging
Bifurcate Killing horizons, rotation and normalization
Rotation, surface gravity and horizon degeneracy
Normal boost action and invariant two-forms at a fixed surface
Stationary Lorentzian data and tensor conventions
Smooth event-boundary branches are achronal null geodesic sheets
A stationary product rules out a zero Hawking coefficient
A circle action on a sphere has a pole with trivial normal action
A Killing field vanishing on a spacelike surface has a normal boost derivative
The coefficient-one horizon generator inherits the positive lapse derivative
A compact spacelike surface has a normal exponential tube
Smooth transverse horizon branches are the null axes of the normal tube
Causal curves from a common chronological boundary obey two barriers
The normal future and past quadrants are the local causal sets of the sphere
Regular stationary event branches supply the local AIK horizon pair
Facts & Assumptions
The vacuum/stationary model, the regular-spacetime definition and maximality of the specified outer section are the physical and geometric assumptions. Stationary vacuum model and asymptotic normalization Regular non-degenerate stationary vacuum spacetime Spacelike sections, maximality and lapse–shift data
Work in ZFC with the inherited geometric and causal choice conventions. The Axiom of Choice
The completed lapse/product result gives , the global stationary-flow diffeomorphism , and the positive lapse solving , with zero boundary and unit end limit. The exterior Hopf-control supplier gives at every boundary point. Remark 1.3: lapse bounds and stationary product Exterior Schrödinger maximum principles, Hopf growth and Harnack
The five geometry helpers construct the normal tube, identify the event-boundary axes and causal barriers, prove the local quadrant description, and supply every pre-rigidity AIK pair hypothesis. A compact spacelike surface has a normal exponential tube Smooth transverse horizon branches are the null axes of the normal tube Causal curves from a common chronological boundary obey two barriers The normal future and past quadrants are the local causal sets of the sphere Regular stationary event branches supply the local AIK horizon pair
The existing local rigidity input and the independently cited AIK affine data give , and periodic after the pre-rigidity hypotheses have been established. Use the source labels and . On these respective sheets the source profiles are and , where are future-directed affine generators, , and the parameters vanish on . The detailed source is AIK §2 and Proposition 3.1, (3.1), together with its §4 extension and §5 Propositions 5.1–5.2. Hawking and rotational fields near a bifurcate sphere Regular bifurcate null horizon data before rigidity
The other five helpers establish event-boundary generator data, the nonzero coefficient from stationary-product injectivity, a circle pole with trivial normal action, the boost form, and the positive lapse/boost identity. Smooth event-boundary branches are achronal null geodesic sheets A stationary product rules out a zero Hawking coefficient A circle action on a sphere has a pole with trivial normal action A Killing field vanishing on a spacelike surface has a normal boost derivative The coefficient-one horizon generator inherits the positive lapse derivative
Circle normalization, signed horizon coefficients, normal boost action and the Lorentzian conventions use the declared interfaces. Periodic isometries and invariant normal averaging Bifurcate Killing horizons, rotation and normalization Rotation, surface gravity and horizon degeneracy Normal boost action and invariant two-forms at a fixed surface Stationary Lorentzian data and tensor conventions
External input
AIK Theorems 1.1–1.2, Proposition 3.1/(3.1), and §§4–5 supply the full-neighborhood Killing field with the affine profiles in [F3], its commutation with , and periodic , under the established regular non-expanding local-pair hypotheses and . This is the imported PDE/periodicity existence input from AIK. In applying it, label the source sheets and . The axis supplier in [F2] identifies their future null directions at as and , respectively. Thus is a positive multiple of and a positive multiple of , with at . The source parameters satisfy on and on ; their restrictions to the opposite sheets are affine parameters with zero set exactly after shrinking. This fixes the canonical field to have eigenvalue on and on , as calculated in step 3.1. If starting with exchanged source labels, replace and simultaneously by their negatives; and are unchanged. The source is not claimed to establish or its sign; those are derived below from the existing lapse/product suppliers.
Proof
[A1] The vacuum/stationary model, the regular-spacetime definition and maximality of the specified outer section are the physical and geometric assumptions. Stationary vacuum model and asymptotic normalization Regular non-degenerate stationary vacuum spacetime Spacelike sections, maximality and lapse–shift data
[A2] Work in ZFC with the inherited geometric and causal choice conventions. The Axiom of Choice
[F1] The completed lapse/product result gives , the global stationary-flow diffeomorphism , and the positive lapse solving , with zero boundary and unit end limit. The exterior Hopf-control supplier gives at every boundary point. Remark 1.3: lapse bounds and stationary product Exterior Schrödinger maximum principles, Hopf growth and Harnack
[F2] The five geometry helpers construct the normal tube, identify the event-boundary axes and causal barriers, prove the local quadrant description, and supply every pre-rigidity AIK pair hypothesis. A compact spacelike surface has a normal exponential tube Smooth transverse horizon branches are the null axes of the normal tube Causal curves from a common chronological boundary obey two barriers The normal future and past quadrants are the local causal sets of the sphere Regular stationary event branches supply the local AIK horizon pair
[F3] The existing local rigidity input and the independently cited AIK affine data give , and periodic after the pre-rigidity hypotheses have been established. Use the source labels and . On these respective sheets the source profiles are and , where are future-directed affine generators, , and the parameters vanish on . The detailed source is AIK §2 and Proposition 3.1, (3.1), together with its §4 extension and §5 Propositions 5.1–5.2. Hawking and rotational fields near a bifurcate sphere Regular bifurcate null horizon data before rigidity
[F4] The other five helpers establish event-boundary generator data, the nonzero coefficient from stationary-product injectivity, a circle pole with trivial normal action, the boost form, and the positive lapse/boost identity. Smooth event-boundary branches are achronal null geodesic sheets A stationary product rules out a zero Hawking coefficient A circle action on a sphere has a pole with trivial normal action A Killing field vanishing on a spacelike surface has a normal boost derivative The coefficient-one horizon generator inherits the positive lapse derivative
[F5] Circle normalization, signed horizon coefficients, normal boost action and the Lorentzian conventions use the declared interfaces. Periodic isometries and invariant normal averaging Bifurcate Killing horizons, rotation and normalization Rotation, surface gravity and horizon degeneracy Normal boost action and invariant two-forms at a fixed surface Stationary Lorentzian data and tensor conventions
AIK Theorems 1.1–1.2, Proposition 3.1/(3.1), and §§4–5 supply the full-neighborhood Killing field with the affine profiles in [F3], its commutation with , and periodic , under the established regular non-expanding local-pair hypotheses and . This is the imported PDE/periodicity existence input from AIK. In applying it, label the source sheets and . The axis supplier in [F2] identifies their future null directions at as and , respectively. Thus is a positive multiple of and a positive multiple of , with at . The source parameters satisfy on and on ; their restrictions to the opposite sheets are affine parameters with zero set exactly after shrinking. This fixes the canonical field to have eigenvalue on and on , as calculated in step 3.1. If starting with exchanged source labels, replace and simultaneously by their negatives; and are unchanged. The source is not claimed to establish or its sign; those are derived below from the existing lapse/product suppliers.
Given: The data and hypotheses in the Statement.
Goal: Establish the stated conclusions under exactly those hypotheses.
Apply [F1] under [A1]. Its identification of supplies the spacelike exterior collar of , while regularity supplies the two smooth transverse non-expanding chronological end-boundaries. The five geometry lemmas in [F2] therefore establish the full local AIK pair definition, including the local causal-boundary condition rather than adding it as an extra assumption. Apply [F3] to obtain and the periodic .
The local symmetry neighborhood meets the exterior collar. The stationary-product lemma in [F4], using the diffeomorphism in [F1], gives . The common-period subgroup of the nontrivial local action is closed and has no positive periods tending to zero: otherwise differentiation at a point where would force that vector to vanish. Its positive infimum is consequently a least period ; division by shows every period is an integer multiple. Set and . Then has least positive common period . Put , so ; reversing the orientation of reverses the sign of without changing . Constant linearity and give every asserted commutator.
The circle-pole lemma in [F4] gives with and . The axis lemma in [F2] identifies with and with in the normal tube , so their future generator lines at are and , respectively. With the source labels fixed in [F3], the imported affine profiles give, on , and ; the terms containing the vanishing affine parameters are zero. Thus and at every point of . Subtracting these equations and dividing by two gives ; adding gives . Since , the normalized-boost lemma with [F1] now gives . Thus is a positive constant with the required coefficient of .
On the source profile in [F3] gives , with and , so . On it gives , with and , so . Equivalently these are the signed affine-profile conclusions of the normalized-boost supplier in [F4], whose profile and normalization hypotheses were verified in step 3.1. Its Killing covector identity gives on and the opposite sign on . The imported affine parameters have zero set exactly , and the generators are nowhere zero, so is nonzero on either branch off . The normal eigenvalue calculation in step 3.1 holds at every point of with this same constant , giving the boost matrix with ; the existing normal-boost supplier then gives the corresponding flow action. At the acceleration equations are merely their smooth zero extensions. This proves every original local assertion with its stationary and periodic normalizations.
Depends on
- Stationary vacuum model and asymptotic normalization
- Regular non-degenerate stationary vacuum spacetime
- Spacelike sections, maximality and lapse–shift data
- The Axiom of Choice
- Remark 1.3: lapse bounds and stationary product
- Exterior Schrödinger maximum principles, Hopf growth and Harnack
- Regular bifurcate null horizon data before rigidity
- Hawking and rotational fields near a bifurcate sphere
- Periodic isometries and invariant normal averaging
- Bifurcate Killing horizons, rotation and normalization
- Rotation, surface gravity and horizon degeneracy
- Normal boost action and invariant two-forms at a fixed surface
- Stationary Lorentzian data and tensor conventions
- Smooth event-boundary branches are achronal null geodesic sheets
- A stationary product rules out a zero Hawking coefficient
- A circle action on a sphere has a pole with trivial normal action
- A Killing field vanishing on a spacelike surface has a normal boost derivative
- The coefficient-one horizon generator inherits the positive lapse derivative
- A compact spacelike surface has a normal exponential tube
- Smooth transverse horizon branches are the null axes of the normal tube
- Causal curves from a common chronological boundary obey two barriers
- The normal future and past quadrants are the local causal sets of the sphere
- Regular stationary event branches supply the local AIK horizon pair
- S. Alexakis, A. D. Ionescu and S. Klainerman, Hawking’s local rigidity theorem without analyticity · §1 Theorems 1.1–1.2, pp.1–2; §2 affine null setup, pp.4–5, (2.1)–(2.4); Proposition 3.1, p.7, (3.1); §4 extension, pp.10–11 and conclusion p.15; §5 Propositions 5.1–5.2, pp.16–17
Used by · 21
- Cartan normalization at the bifurcation pole
- Closedness, periods and smooth global choice of W0
- Proposition 2.1: Einstein–Maxwell equations and regularity
- Invariant Ernst data and smooth K-invariant gauge
- Preservation of bifurcate horizons and surface gravity
- Proper stationary projection for continued slices
- Lemma 3.3: common spacelike reference collar
- Existence and boost-coordinate description of Hawking-flow heights
- Normal boost action of the Hawking flow
- K-flow barriers with boundary tangency comparison and uniform height bound
- Boundary angle bound and normal-graph cone
- Uniform compact graph and positive-lapse estimates
- Nonnegative principal eigenvalue of the horizon stability operator
- Boost invariance and limiting Maxwell normal form
- Pole identities and the Ernst scalar inequality reduction
- Axial averaging and positive boost at the pole
- Proposition 5.1: recovery of Ionescu–Klainerman conditions
- Conditional horizon recovery and Kerr implications
- Indexed compact heights and uniform smooth horizon collars
- Compact estimates for arbitrary sequences of individually existing slices
- Weak original data furnish the one recovery family and pole
Dependency tree · 2 levels
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External dependencies
For a local regular bifurcate non-expanding horizon pair in a connected oriented smooth four-dimensional Ricci-flat spacetime, AIK constructs a field K0 with K0=underline(u)L on N and K0=-u underline(L) on underline(N), using future affine generators with L(underline(u))=underline(L)(u)=1 and both parameters zero on S. The field extends as a Killing field to a full neighborhood. For a Killing field T tangent to both branches and not identically zero on S, [T,K0]=0 and Z0=T+lambda0 K0 has a common positive period on a smaller neighborhood.
Hypotheses: Embedded spacelike two-sphere; regular achronal null sheets generated orthogonally from S and forming its local causal boundary; both sheets non-expanding; Ric(g)=0; connected oriented smooth four-dimensional spacetime. The source null pair is future directed with g(L,underline(L))=-1 on S, parallel transported along the respective generators; its affine parameters vanish on S. The rotational conclusion additionally requires T Killing, tangent to both sheets and not identically zero on S. Assigning N to the event branch H+ and underline(N) to H- is the local application convention justified by the axis supplier, not an extra source hypothesis.
Reading limits: For this adjudication read the retained arXiv:0902.1173v1 PDF at pp.1–2,4–5,7,10–11,15–17: setup, theorem statements, affine data (3.1), extension construction/conclusion and commutation/periodicity statements. Visually inspected pp.5 and 7 to distinguish underlined symbols; the source HTML was also consulted. Did not reconstruct the characteristic PDE, unique-continuation or sphere-periodicity proofs. The event-branch identification, eigenvalue calculation and positive coefficient are local applications of these data and the existing suppliers, not additional assertions attributed to AIK.
Sources
- S. Alexakis, A. D. Ionescu and S. Klainerman, Hawking’s local rigidity theorem without analyticity · §1 Theorems 1.1–1.2, pp.1–2; §2 affine null setup, pp.4–5, (2.1)–(2.4); Proposition 3.1, p.7, (3.1); §4 extension, pp.10–11 and conclusion p.15; §5 Propositions 5.1–5.2, pp.16–17
- A. F. Radu, Rigidity of stationary black holes with small ADM angular momentum · §3.2 equation (3.9); Appendix A.1 equation (A.1)
- The uniqueness of smooth stationary black holes · PDF pp.8,11,28; §2.1, §2.4 and §5 opening