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Indexed compact heights and uniform smooth horizon collars
Statement
For any indexed set of individually admissible sections as above, stationary heights have uniform bounds on every compact subset of the reference interior. Candidate Hawking-flow heights are uniformly bounded down to on one common collar. On a smaller common collar every section is a one-to-one normal graph with zero boundary height, uniform strict spacelikeness and uniform Ck-alpha bounds for every finite k and . These conclusions hold for the pairs actually present in ; no section is required at an unrepresented parameter.
Facts & Assumptions
The admissible indexed pairs and common end/lapse estimates are Uniform end estimates indexed only by existing admissible slices. The original stationary product and transferred future timelike paths are Remark 1.3: lapse bounds and stationary product and Stationary transfer of timelike curves.
The common reference collar and fixed-q Hawking-height existence/smooth extension are Lemma 3.3: common spacelike reference collar and Existence and boost-coordinate description of Hawking-flow heights. Only the unconditional strict barrier geometry of K-flow barriers with boundary tangency comparison and uniform height bound is used, not its interval-family uniform conclusion. The contact comparison is Strict mean-curvature barriers cannot have ordered boundary tangency.
The generic boost, Gaussian cone, local projection, properness and one-sheet lemmas apply to any candidates whose heights have a common bound. A variable-time flow through a fixed boundary has the boosted unit normal Bounded boost times give a uniform Gaussian collar cone Spacelike normal projection is locally invertible with positive boundary jet Radial comparison gives proper normal projection onto a fixed target collar A one-sheet boundary germ propagates across the common normal collar
The local full-range log-angle theorem and cutoff/projection maximum lemmas apply to the individual maximal graphs in the smooth compact background. Logarithmic angle inequality through the full range v at least one Projection estimates for a Gaussian collar cutoff Weighted cutoff maximum gives a uniform normal angle The Gaussian operator, elliptic extension and seeded boundary bootstrap are Gaussian maximal graph equation on a compact spacelike slope cone, Uniform elliptic extension and flattening before the boundary gradient estimate and Uniform boundary Schauder bootstrap after a C1-Holder seed.
Import the exact Simon homogeneous-Dirichlet boundary C1-beta estimate recorded in the source metadata. Its bounded height/gradient, C1 full coefficient-box, uniform ellipticity, bounded forcing and smooth boundary-chart hypotheses will be verified after the angle bound.
The regular data are in ZFC and define , with future timelike sufficiently far out. Each exterior point both reaches and is reached from the designated end; access to a sufficiently far tail will instead use [F10], without assuming timelikeness throughout that designated end. Regular non-degenerate stationary vacuum spacetime Causal exterior, chronological boundaries and Cauchy data Chronological openness permits endpoint neighborhoods; the causal-curve calculus supplies finite concatenation and transitivity. Openness of the chronological future and past, openness of the chronological relation, and closure of future and past sets Chart independence, concatenation, reparametrization and transitivity for causal curves Convex normal neighborhoods and their timelike exponential-cone characterization let us replace a timelike curve by finitely many smooth timelike geodesic pieces, and vary its last or first piece smoothly near an endpoint. Existence of strictly convex normal neighborhoods: small coordinate balls are normal neighborhoods of each of their points Local causality in a convex normal ball: causal reachability is the exponential cone, the Lorentzian length is bounded by the displacement radius, and null endpoints force the null geodesic These are mathematical suppliers, including those stored in the physics namespace; their Countable Choice and Dependent Choice hypotheses are met in the inherited ZFC convention. We declare the axiom of choice explicitly for these causal inputs and the path selections in steps 1.1 and 2.1. The Axiom of Choice
Use the single smooth stationary primitive on the exterior supplied by Invariant Ernst data and smooth K-invariant gauge, with the same normalized pole and the same family as in Single-potential construction of the Harrison one-form family. This is the chosen family of the standing Harrison construction, not independently chosen gauges for different candidates. At its pole , the normalization gives . Mass-one convention and Harrison denominator
The stationary graph, its original height , and its normalized end height obey . Stationary maximal graphs and normalized graph heights The bounds mean the coordinate Hölder norms on fixed finite collar charts, including continuous derivative extensions to the actual boundary. Hölder spaces C^k,α, closure and interior scaled norms, and C^k,α domains
Near , the same fields satisfy and commute, and generates a smooth circle action of period . Local Hawking and axial fields, boost and pole The complete extensions in [F2] agree with these local fields; only axial orbits inside their common local symmetry neighborhood will be used.
In a smooth stationary product over a maximal spherical exterior with compact boundary, positive original lapse, smooth ambient extension across that boundary with tangent , and a physical asymptotically Euclidean end whose truncations are compact, every point reaches any sufficiently far stationary tail by a future original-metric timelike curve inside the product. This geometric input also applies after reversing time orientation and replacing by . A maximal stationary exterior has future access to its far tail
Proof
Given: An arbitrary indexed collection of individually admissible existing sections. Goal: Obtain common compact heights and boundary collar estimates.
If the indexed family is empty, all candidate estimates are vacuous; choose a smaller background reference collar from [F2]. An empty compact target set also has a vacuous height bound. For the path argument assume the family and the target set are nonempty. Let be compact, identified with using [F1]. Apply the original product result in [F1] to the actual maximal exterior section: its closure is a connected smooth spherical exterior with compact boundary , its induced positive metric is smooth up to , its physical end has and compact truncations, and its original lapse is positive. The regular data in [F6] give the ambient smooth spacelike extension across , tangency of there, and the remaining stationary end bounds. Shrink only the coordinate tail past the compact-truncation threshold, retaining the same exterior product. These are the hypotheses of [F10]. Choose a fixed physical radius sufficiently large for that input and so that belongs to the common normalized end in [F1] for every . For each , [F10] supplies a future timelike path from to a point with . Apply the same input with reversed time orientation, stationary coordinate , field , and normal . Its lapse is still , its shift is , its second fundamental form is and it remains maximal; and are unchanged and the mixed end components change sign. All decay, compactness, smoothness and boundary-tangency hypotheses are therefore retained. Reversing the resulting curve gives a future original-metric timelike path from a point with to . Both paths lie entirely in the original exterior and both endpoints lie in the common end-height region. No equality of chronological exteriors after end truncation or timelikeness on the entire originally designated end is assumed.
Subdivide each path into finitely many convex normal neighborhoods contained in and replace each subarc by its smooth future timelike geodesic, using [F6]. Near keep the penultimate incoming and the first outgoing points fixed and vary only the joining geodesic to . The exponential-cone characterization and chronological openness give a neighborhood of where both geodesics remain future timelike. Shrink to a neighborhood with compact closure inside that neighborhood. The varying geodesics and their velocities are smooth on this compact endpoint set times , and all other pieces are fixed. A finite subcover of therefore gives finitely many piecewise smooth path families and , with fixed end endpoints, compact image and uniformly bounded coordinate velocities on their finitely many pieces. This construction, rather than openness alone, controls the integrals as endpoints vary.
For either path family put and , integrating over all its pieces. These constants are finite: the forms are smooth on the fixed compact images and the coordinate velocities and number of pieces have common bounds from step 2.1. The explicit family in [F7] gives for every . Since , every partial correction satisfies . Apply the transfer formula in [F1] on each smooth piece, retaining the accumulated correction at each join; a constant stationary translation preserves the metric and future direction. The finite concatenation remains future timelike by [F6]. This proves a uniform correction bound for the actual chosen family, without deducing parameter regularity from a separate fixed- choice.
For a candidate graph let . Extend its future normal and positive lapse to its stationary translates, taking . Since and its level sets are those spacelike translates, throughout the product; thus increases along each transferred future timelike path. Write and . The transferred incoming path ends at , giving ; the transferred outgoing path starts at and ends at , giving . The finitely many are fixed, step 3.1 bounds the corrections, and the common normalized end bound in [F1], with from [F8] and from [F7], bounds all endpoint heights. Hence is uniformly bounded on . Only existing indexed pairs were used.
Each candidate has its smooth individual K-height by the fixed-q result in [F2]. Shrink the reference collar so its closed collar has all its axial orbits in the common local symmetry neighborhood of [F9]: the smooth circle action preserves compact , and continuity uniformly over its compact period interval gives such a smaller collar. The union of the outer reference boundaries over is compact and disjoint from , by the smooth common boundary-distance maps in [F2]. Its axial saturation is compact and lies in that local neighborhood. It also lies in the exterior collar domain: on the shrunken collar the local fields agree with the complete extended fields of [F2], whose flows preserve their exterior domain. The stationary projection of is therefore compact in , and its stationary time coordinate is bounded. For , commutation and give . Periodicity and step 4.1 bound the second term uniformly, using that compact projection and bounded time coordinate. At the candidate intersection this expression is zero, so the outer K-height is uniformly bounded. Apply the strict barriers of [F2] to the maximum of and minimum of . The contact lemma includes S: equal boundary flow times give tangent planes because K vanishes there, and its strict curvature signs rule out an extremum beyond the outer bound. Thus down to S for every indexed pair.
Use [F3] with this common height bound. The normal boost gives a common boundary angle; the Gaussian flow estimates give a strict cone and radial comparison. Projection is locally invertible, proper onto one fixed target collar and one-sheeted by its individual boundary germ, giving common zero-boundary normal graph domains. All these generic lemmas concern candidates actually supplied, not a requirement that every background parameter have a candidate.
The compact smooth background controls the local observer tensors, so the full-range logarithmic estimate in [F4] applies to each candidate. Its cutoff lemmas give a uniform normal-angle bound on a smaller common collar. The Gaussian graph identity then bounds the height and gradient in a compact spacelike jet cone. The coefficient extension in [F4] gives a common full uniformly elliptic jet box and bounded forcing, while the smooth fixed S supplies uniform boundary charts and the zero Dirichlet data. With the Hölder-norm convention in [F8], apply [F5] for a common C1-beta seed, then the seeded boundary bootstrap in [F4] for all finite higher estimates. Thus no uniform initial C4 norm or missing-parameter section has been assumed.
External input
The initial boundary C1-beta estimate is imported from Simon Lecture18 Theorem2. Its exact coefficient-box, bounded-forcing, bounded height/gradient and zero-Dirichlet smooth-boundary hypotheses and the actual reading limits are recorded in the source metadata. It is applied only after the indexed cutoff angle bound; higher boundary estimates then use the already authored seeded bootstrap.
Depends on
- Uniform end estimates indexed only by existing admissible slices
- Remark 1.3: lapse bounds and stationary product
- Stationary transfer of timelike curves
- Lemma 3.3: common spacelike reference collar
- Local Hawking and axial fields, boost and pole
- Existence and boost-coordinate description of Hawking-flow heights
- K-flow barriers with boundary tangency comparison and uniform height bound
- Strict mean-curvature barriers cannot have ordered boundary tangency
- A variable-time flow through a fixed boundary has the boosted unit normal
- Bounded boost times give a uniform Gaussian collar cone
- Spacelike normal projection is locally invertible with positive boundary jet
- Radial comparison gives proper normal projection onto a fixed target collar
- A one-sheet boundary germ propagates across the common normal collar
- Projection estimates for a Gaussian collar cutoff
- Weighted cutoff maximum gives a uniform normal angle
- Gaussian maximal graph equation on a compact spacelike slope cone
- Uniform elliptic extension and flattening before the boundary gradient estimate
- Uniform boundary Schauder bootstrap after a C1-Holder seed
- Logarithmic angle inequality through the full range v at least one
- Invariant Ernst data and smooth K-invariant gauge
- Single-potential construction of the Harrison one-form family
- Mass-one convention and Harrison denominator
- Regular non-degenerate stationary vacuum spacetime
- Causal exterior, chronological boundaries and Cauchy data
- Stationary maximal graphs and normalized graph heights
- Hölder spaces C^k,α, closure and interior scaled norms, and C^k,α domains
- Openness of the chronological future and past, openness of the chronological relation, and closure of future and past sets
- Chart independence, concatenation, reparametrization and transitivity for causal curves
- Existence of strictly convex normal neighborhoods: small coordinate balls are normal neighborhoods of each of their points
- Local causality in a convex normal ball: causal reachability is the exponential cone, the Lorentzian length is bounded by the displacement radius, and null endpoints force the null geodesic
- The Axiom of Choice
- A maximal stationary exterior has future access to its far tail
- Leon Simon, Lectures on PDE · Lecture 18, Theorem 2 (C^1,beta estimate, boundary), printed p.217, assumptions (P), (*) and (**) on pp.216–217; PDF sheet111
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External dependencies
Let u be a C2 solution of a^{ij}(x,u,Du)u_ij=f on a boundary patch, with u=0 on the actual boundary, bounded |u|+R|Du|, bounded f, C1 joint bounds on a^{ij} in a containing position/height/slope box, positive uniform ellipticity on that box, and a C2 boundary-flattening diffeomorphism and inverse with bounded norms. On every smaller patch there is a uniform C^{1,beta} bound, for some beta in (0,1), with constants controlled by dimension, shrinking factor, the height/gradient bound, structural coefficient/ellipticity constants and the flattening constants. The analogous interior statement is Theorem 1 on the same page.
Hypotheses: Classical C2 solution, C1 joint principal coefficients, bounded RHS, uniform positive ellipticity on the containing slope/height box, a common finite height/gradient bound and uniformly C2 flattenable boundary; homogeneous Dirichlet trace on the actual boundary portion. Bounds are local and do not require any condition at the remote spherical edge of the patch.
Reading limits: Retained prior source-input or attribution record: Current adjudication read the online Simon PDF text at PDF page 111 (zero-based 110), printed pp.216–217: problem (P), bounds (*) and (**), and the interior and boundary C1-beta Theorems 1–2. The containing coefficient box, bounded forcing, solution height/gradient bound and C2 flattening hypotheses were compared with Proof 7.1 and its existing operator/extension suppliers. No proof reconstruction or fresh reading of printed p.222 is claimed. The estimate is imported; the subsequent bootstrap is local composition. Fresh maintenance limits: current item and supplier contracts and the local applications were checked; no new reading of the external proof or PDF images is claimed.
Sources
- Leon Simon, Lectures on PDE · Lecture 18, Theorem 2 (C^{1,beta} estimate, boundary), printed p.217, assumptions (P), (*) and (**) on pp.216–217; PDF sheet111