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  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
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Complete-graph separator when orders differ

PDF p. 2: Section 3, ordinary classes, different-order case

Example

Let H1 and H2 be finite simple graphs with at least one vertex, let k≥2 be an integer, and suppose n=∣H1∣<∣H2∣, where ∣H∣ is the number of vertices of H. Put G=Kk(n−1)+1, the complete graph on k(n−1)+1 vertices. Then G∈Rk(H1)∖Rk(H2), where Rk(H) consists of the graphs in which every vertex colouring with colours 1,…,k has a monochromatic ordinary copy of H. An ordinary copy is a subgraph isomorphic to H; extra host edges between its vertices are allowed.

Facts & Assumptions

[F1]

The order of a finite graph is the cardinality of its vertex set (Order, size, complement and independence number).

[F2]

For a finite set X and positive integers k,n, if ∣X∣>k(n−1), every function X→{1,…,k} has a fibre with at least n elements; if ∣X∣≤kn, such a function exists with every fibre of size at most n (Finite colour-class capacity and prescribed partitions).

[F3]

A complete graph has an edge between every two distinct vertices (Empty and complete graphs, complete bipartite graphs, and the convention that Pₙ and Cₙ have n vertices). An injective edge-preserving map from a graph into a host gives an ordinary copy on its image vertices and image edges (Ordinary embeddings as injections preserving edges).

[F4]

Membership in Rk(H) means that every function from the host vertex set to {1,…,k} has a monochromatic ordinary copy of H (Ordinary vertex-Ramsey class).

[F5]

A finite set of cardinality m admits a bijection to {0,…,m−1}; bijections preserve finite cardinality, and finite sets of equal cardinality admit a bijection (The cardinality | A| of a finite set).

[F6]

If A is finite and B⊆A, then B is finite and ∣B∣≤∣A∣ (A subset of a finite set is finite, with | B| ≤ | A|, and equality holds if and only if B = A).

Verification

Given: Finite simple graphs H1,H2 with nonempty vertex sets, an integer k≥2, n=∣H1∣<∣H2∣, and G=Kk(n−1)+1. Goal: Show that G belongs to Rk(H1) and does not belong to Rk(H2).

1.1givenF1F2F3F4F5F6choose

Let c be any k-colouring of V(G). Since ∣V(G)∣=k(n−1)+1>k(n−1), a colour class contains at least n vertices. Let C be such a class. Since C⊆V(G) and V(G) is finite, F6 makes C finite; put m=∣C∣≥n. By F5 choose bijections e:C→{0,…,m−1} and b:V(H1)→{0,…,n−1}. The first n indices belong to {0,…,m−1}, so f(x)=e−1(b(x)) defines an injection from V(H1) into C, bijective onto the vertices indexed by those first n indices. Every edge of H1 maps to an edge of G, because G is complete. The map therefore gives a monochromatic ordinary copy of H1. As c was arbitrary, G∈Rk(H1).

2.1givenF1F2F4F5F6step 1.1∎

Since k(n−1)+1≤kn, there is a k-colouring of V(G) in which every colour class has at most n vertices. If J were a monochromatic ordinary copy of H2, its isomorphism from H2 would give a bijection V(H2)→V(J). By F5, ∣V(J)∣=∣V(H2)∣=∣H2∣>n. All vertices of J would lie in one colour class C, which is finite by F6 since C⊆V(G). Since V(J)⊆C, F6 gives ∣V(J)∣≤∣C∣≤n, a contradiction. This colouring witnesses G∉Rk(H2). Together with step 1.1, this proves the stated separation.

Depends on

Used by · 1

Dependency tree · 2 levels

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